基于熵权模糊物元的高速公路路段安全综合评价

针对目前道路安全评价中信息屏蔽和主观性问题,利用模糊物元理论和熵权理论对高速公路安全水平进行了定量评价。在考虑影响道路安全水平多种因素基础上,构建了道路安全评价指标体系。以定量分析为主,将模糊物元、隶属函数及信息熵有机结合起来,建立了高速公路安全水平综合评价模型。以信息熵理论为基础确定了各评价指标的权重系数。将模型应用在新疆高速公路不同路段安全评价中,并与其它综合评价模型比较分析,验证该模型的有效性。研究结果表明该模型实用性强,计算过程简单,在道路安全评价中具有一定应用价值。     

基于InVEST与CA-Markov模型的昆明市碳储量时空演变与预测

土地利用/覆被变化是引起陆地生态系统碳储量变化的重要驱动因素,影响整个生态系统的碳循环过程.以昆明市为研究案例,在修正碳密度系数的基础上,通过耦合InVEST模型碳储存模块和CA-Markov模型,分析2000～2020年及“三线”约束下未来不同土地利用情景陆地生态系统碳储量变化的时空差异特征.结果表明：(1)昆明市土地利用类型主要以耕地、林地和草地为主,土地利用转移也发生在三者之间.(2)2000～2020年,昆明市碳储量整体表现为南低北高的空间分布特征,碳储量逐年下降,累计损失5.27×10⁶ t,林地和草地退化是碳储量减少的主要原因.(3)2020～2030年,4种情景碳储量均有所减少,其中惯性发展情景碳储量下降最明显,主要是建设用地快速扩张引起;耕地保护情景相比惯性发展情景有效减缓了碳储量减少幅度;生态保护情景则能够增强研究区固碳能力,碳储量达到262.49×10⁶ t,但不能有效控制耕地面积的减少;防止城市扩张情景有效抑制了建设用地无序扩张,间接防止了碳储量进一步减少.因此,研究区可统筹考虑耕地保护情景、生态保护情景和防止城市扩张情...     

环境温湿度对新型冠状病毒传播影响研究的现状及展望

新型冠状病毒感染所导致的疾病已造成全球大流行,是当前全球重大公共卫生问题.目前,疫情的重灾区主要集中在北半球,南半球开始有明显的增加趋势.随着北半球夏季的来临,环境温湿度变化对病毒传播的影响逐渐受到广泛关注.已有若干研究从不同角度出发,探究环境温湿度与新型冠状病毒传播的关系.本文通过总结相关主要研究,总结目前研究的进展及有待完善之处,为今后相关工作的深入开展提供建议.     

Atmospheric sulfur deposition onto different ecosystems over China

The regional acid deposition model system (RegADMS) was applied to simulate the air sulfur deposition onto different landuse types over China, in which the dry deposition velocities of SO2 and sulfate aerosol (SO4(2-) were estimated by use of a big leaf resistance analogy model and the wet scavenging coefficients were parameterized in terms of precipitation rate. Investigations show that the annual total sulfur deposition over mainland China is 7.24mt (1 mt = 10(6) ton) , in which dry deposition and wet deposition accounts for 56 and 44%, respectively. The sulfur deposition onto agriculture land, grass land, and forest land is 1.09, 3.6 and 1.41 mt, respectively, which sums 6.1 mt and accounts for 84% of the total sulfur deposition. The modeled sulfur deposition was in agreement with the measurement conducted at farmland in Yingtan, a typical read soil region in Jiangxi province of China, during the period of November 1998--October 1999. The total sulfur deposition at the Yingtan site is about 10.3 gm(-2) year(-1) of which 83% is dry deposition. The modeling sulfur deposition at the same site is 8.4 g m(-2) year(-1) Furthermore, the comparison between RegADMS and RAINS-ASIA on modeling regional sulfur deposition shows the consistence of the two models. The correlation coefficient between the simulated sulfur deposition at the medium-large cities reaches 0.72.     

风对水面浮油运动的影响

把一个开敞式循环水槽安装在试验风洞中,借以研究下述情况下,风对水面浮油运动的影响:(a)水不流动,(b)水逆风向流动,(c)水顺风向流动。 在各种风速情况下,把各种粘度不冈的油注入风洞中水槽的上游端,观测其运动情况。 研究了水面风浪的形成,建立了有效波高与水面以上气流粗糙度影响之间的关系。     

和田市城市发展与大气污染耦合关系

探索环境承载力低的和田市城市发展与大气污染之间的耦合关系,对于促进城市与生态环境和谐发展具有重要意义。基于和田市2001～2016年城市发展和大气环境污染时间序列统计数据,利用专家咨询法选取10项城市化水平指标和4项大气环境污染指标,分别计算城市化水平综合指数与大气环境污染综合指数,并基于环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)理论探讨其拟合模型。结果表明:和田市2001～2016年人口城市化指数由0.004 8升至0.931 1、土地城市化指数由0.000 1升至0.879 1、经济城市化指数由0.000 2升至0.714 2、社会城市化指数由0.003 2升至0.898 0,城市化综合指数由0.251 0升至0.883 7,其城市综合发展能力由一般达到较好或优良水平;和田市2001～2016年大气环境污染综合指数由15.088 3下降至10.290 2,降尘和PM_(10)为大气污染主要贡献因子。各单项污染指数变化情况为:SO_2由0.483 3升至0.766 7,NO_2由0.400 0升至0.650 0,PM_(10)由5.910 0降至2.750 0,降尘由8.295 0降至6.102 5;城市化综合指数与大气污染综合指数拟合曲线呈环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)特殊形式倒"N"型曲线。     

The effect of EDTA and citric acid on phytoremediation of Cd, Cr, and Ni from soil using Helianthus annuus

The possibility to clean heavy metal contaminated soils with hyperaccumulator plants has shown great potential. One of the most recently studied species used in phytoremediation applications are sunflowers. In this study, two cultivars of Helianthus annuus were used in conjunction with ethylene diamine tetracetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) as chelators. Two different concentrations of the chelators were studied for enhancing the uptake and translocation of Cd, Cr, and Ni from a silty-clay loam soil. When 1.0 g/kg CA was used, the highest total metal uptake was only 0.65 mg. Increasing the CA concentration posed a severe phytotoxicity to both cultivars as evidenced by stunted growth and diminished uptake rates. Decreasing the CA concentration to 0.1 and 0.3 g/kg yielded results that were not statistically different from the control. EDTA at a concentration of 0.1 g/kg yielded the best results for both cultivars achieving a total metal uptake of approximately 0.73 mg compared to approximately 0.40 mg when EDTA was present at 0.3 g/kg.     

The effect of EDTA on Helianthus annuus uptake, selectivity, and translocation of heavy metals when grown in Ohio, New Mexico and Colombia soils

The use of two EDTA concentrations for enhancing the bioavailability of cadmium, chromium, and nickel in three natural soils (Ohio, New Mexico and Colombia) was investigated. The resulting uptake, translocation and selectivity with Helianthus annuus after mobilization were also examined. In general, plants grown in the sandy-loam Ohio soil had a higher uptake that resulted in a selectivity and total metal content of Cd>Cr>Ni and 0.73 mg and Cr>Cd>Ni and 0.32 mg for 0.1 and 0.3 g kg-1 EDTA, respectively. With the silty-loam New Mexico soil, although the total metal uptake was not statistically different the EDTA level did alter the selectivity; Cd>Cr>Ni (0.1 g kg-1 EDTA) and Cd>Cr>Ni (0.3 g kg-1 EDTA). Conversely, with the Colombian (sandy clay loam) soil increasing the EDTA level resulted in a higher total metal uptake (0.62 mg) than the 0.1 g kg-1 (0.59 mg) treatment. For all three soils, the translocation of Cd was limited. Evaluating the mobile metal fraction with and without EDTA determined that the chelator was capable of overcoming mass transfer limitations associated with the expandable clay fraction in the soils. Root wash results and root biomass concentrations indicated that Cd sorption was occurring. Therefore limited Cd translocation was attributed to insufficient phytochelatin levels.     

Numerical evaluation of the effect of traffic pollution on indoor air quality of a naturally ventilated building

A computational fluid dynamics technique was used to evaluate the effect of traffic pollution on indoor air quality of a naturally ventilated building for various ventilation control strategies. The transport of street-level nonreactive pollutants emitted from motor vehicles through the indoor environment was simulated using the large eddy simulation (LES) of the turbulent flows and the pollutant transport equations. The numerical model developed herein was verified by available wind-tunnel measurements. Good agreement with the measured velocity and concentration data was found. Twelve sets of numerical scenario simulations for various roof- and side-vent openness and outdoor wind speeds were carried out. The effects of the air change rate, the indoor airflow pattern, and the external pollutant dispersion on indoor air quality were investigated. The control strategies of ventilation rates and paths for reducing incoming vehicle pollutants and maintaining a desirable air change rate are proposed to reduce the impact of outdoor traffic pollution during traffic rush hours. It was concluded that the windward side vent is a significant factor contributing to air change rate and indoor air quality. Air intakes on the leeward side of the building can effectively reduce the peak and average indoor concentration of traffic pollutants, but the corresponding air change rate is relatively low. Using the leeward cross-flow ventilation with the windward roof vent can effectively lower incoming vehicle pollutants and maintain a desirable air change rate during traffic rush hours.     

Non-aqueous phase liquid spreading during soil vapor extraction

Many non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) are expected to spread at the air-water interface, particularly under non-equilibrium conditions. In the vadose zone, this spreading should increase the surface area for mass transfer and the efficiency of volatile NAPL recovery by soil vapor extraction (SVE). Observations of spreading on water wet surfaces led to a conceptual model of oil spreading vertically above a NAPL pool in the vadose zone. Analysis of this model predicts that spreading can enhance the SVE contaminant recovery compared to conditions where the liquid does not spread. Experiments were conducted with spreading volatile oils hexane and heptane in wet porous media and capillary tubes, where spreading was observed at the scale of centimeters. Within porous medium columns up to a meter in height containing stagnant gas, spreading was less than ten centimeters and did not contribute significantly to hexane volatilization. Water film thinning and oil film pinning may have prevented significant oil film spreading, and thus did not enhance SVE at the scale of a meter. The experiments performed indicate that volatile oil spreading at the field scale is unlikely to contribute significantly to the efficiency of SVE.