渗滤液污染羽中沉积物氧化还原缓冲能力研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究含水层沉积物的氧化还原缓冲能力及其在不同氧化还原带中的变化.结果表明,随着污染的加重,沉积物的氧化容量(OXC)减小,而还原容量(RDC)升高.在未受污染的沉积物中,Fe³⁺是OXC的主要组成,约占OXC的70.5%;TOC是RDC的主要组成,约占RDC的98.7%.在厌氧环境中大部分无定型态和部分晶体态Fe³⁺被还原,还原产物主要以FeCO₃和FeS形式沉淀;在产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带和铁还原带中,Fe²⁺的沉积使得可离子交换态Fe²⁺含量由原样中的0.5%分别升高至3%和1.84%.因此Fe³⁺是含水层中主要的氧化还原缓冲剂,Fe³⁺还原、Fe²⁺沉淀和Fe2+的离子交换等作用大大减小了厌氧渗滤液污染羽的扩展,对进入含水层的还原性污染物有重要的缓冲作用.     

纳污海域水环境容量计算与总量分配方法研究——以钦州湾为例

经过比较,明确了选用多源线性迭加的方法来计算纳污海域环境容量更加便利和有效,确定了纳污海域水环境容量计算中的几个重要条件,在对“背景浓度”的处理上引入了最大日均值的概念,使得计算结果更加安全可靠。在此基础上,以广西钦州湾为例,用多元线性迭加法计算出纳污海域两个规划排污口联合排放的无机氮、COD、石油类的最大允许排放量。优化了污染物排放方法,为钦州湾污染物排放提供了科学依据。     

甬沪宁管线中水击现象的产生与防范

长距离原油管道在密闭输送过程中,出现非正常停泵、误关阀门等均会引起水击现象发生,水击波沿管道传播,极易导致管道局部超压而造成管道破裂、设备损坏等事故.鉴于甬沪宁管线落差大、管道水力工况复杂等特点,分析水击现象的产生并加以防范是十分必要的.     

Mild hydrolysis of 2-trifluoromethylphenol: kinetics, mechanism and environmental relevance

2-Trifluoromethylphenol was hydrolysed in a phosphate buffer at neutral pH. At mild temperatures ranging from 34 degrees C to 69 degrees C this compound liberates consecutively fluorine anions to form salicylic acid. This process is energetically driven by the hydration of the fluorine anions. No intermediates have been detected by HPLC and (19)F-NMR and this was confirmed by computer calculations which favor the first step in the whole reaction sequence being rate-limiting. Accordingly, the reaction energy of the first dehalogenation of the trifluoromethyl anion is 28.4 kcal mol(-1) higher than for the second dehalogenation. The pseudo-first-order kinetic was determined and from an Arrhenius diagram an activation energy of E(a)=25.1 kcal mol(-1) has been estimated. At 37 degrees C and a pH of 7.4 the half-life was 6.9 h. The rate of hydrolysis was favored at higher pH and it was not influenced by oxygen, sunlight or trace elements found in natural water. The latter was shown by incubations with lake water instead of distilled water.     

Analysis of the health risk of exposure to breast milk mercury in infants in Taiwan

The aim of this study was to assess the total concentration and health risk to infants of breast milk mercury in urban mothers and mothers married to fishermen in relation to fish intake in Taiwan. A total of sixty-eight healthy mothers were recruited for the study. The breast milk mercury geometric mean concentration was 2.02 microgl(-1) (n=56, range: 0.24-9.45 microgl(-1)) for the city group and 2.04 microgl(-1) (n=12, range: 0.26-8.62 microgl(-1)) for the fishermen's group. Of the three sources of mercury exposure (i.e., ingestion (breast milk), inhalation (ambient air), and dermal exposure (shower)), breast-feeding was found to be the largest (96.3-99.6% of the total). From a Monte Carlo simulation, in which methyl mercury accounted for about 50% of total mercury, the hazard quotient (exposure estimate/oral minimal risk level or target organ toxicity dose) exceeded 1.0 for 12.9% of urban babies and 18.8% of fishermen's babies (chronic oral minimal risk level and target organ toxicity dose: 3 x 10(-4)mgkg(-1)d(-1)). The calculated mercury exposure was 3.02 x 10(-1) microgkg(-1)d(-1) for a 3.49 kg urban baby boy and 3.06 x 10(-1) microgkg(-1)d(-1) for a 3.44 kg urban baby girl. These results suggest the life style of mothers (eating raw fish and shellfish such as used in "Sashimi" and "Sushi," and vitamin supplementation) may influence the mercury concentration in breast milk.     

Acquired changes in stomatal characteristics in response to ozone during plant growth and leaf development of bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) indicate phenotypic plasticity

Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines 'S156' (O3-sensitive)/'R123' (O3-tolerant) and cultivars 'BBL 290' (O3-sensitive)/'BBL 274' (O3-tolerant) were used to study the effects of O3 on stomatal conductance (gs), density, and aperture size on leaf and pod surfaces with the objective of establishing links between the degree of plant sensitivity to O3 and plasticity of stomatal properties in response to O3. Studies in open-top chambers (OTCs) and in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) established a clear relationship between plant developmental stages, degrees of O3 sensitivity and gs: while 'S156' had higher gs rates than 'R123' earlier in development, similar differences between 'BBL 290' and 'BBL 274' were observed at later stages. Gs rates on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290', accompanied by low leaf temperatures, were significantly higher than their O3-tolerant counterparts. Exposure to O3 in CSTRs had greater and more consistent impacts on both stomatal densities and aperture sizes of O3-sensitive cultivars. Stomatal densities were highest on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290' at higher O3 concentrations (60 ppb), but the largest aperture sizes were recorded on the adaxial leaf surfaces at moderate O3 concentrations (30 ppb). Exposure to O3 eliminated aperture size differences on the adaxial leaf surfaces between sensitive and tolerant cultivars. Regardless of sensitivity to O3 and treatment regimes, the smallest aperture sizes and highest stomatal densities were found on the abaxial leaf surface. Our studies showed that O3 has the potential to affect stomatal plasticity and confirmed the presence of different control mechanisms for stomatal development on each leaf surface. This appeared to be more evident in O3-sensitive cultivars.     

一株苯胺降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

为研究苯胺污染的生物控制,通过驯化培养,从南京化工厂污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离出一株高效苯胺降解菌——菌株AN4.生理生化试验鉴定菌株AN4为金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium sp.).菌株AN4利用苯胺生长和降解苯胺的最适温度为30 ℃、pH为7.0,它可在苯胺质量浓度低于3 000 mg/L的无机盐固体培养基上生长.菌株AN4除可降解苯胺外,还可以苯酚、苯甲酸、硝基苯、甲苯、萘、氯苯、二甲苯作为唯一碳源生长,蛋白胨可加速其对苯胺的代谢.代谢机制研究证实,菌株AN4在邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶作用下经邻位裂解途径降解苯胺.     

活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维对溶液中的甲基橙染料吸附动力学研究

采用自制添加活性炭的聚丙烯腈纤维为吸附剂,吸附染料甲基橙溶液,考察了活性炭含量、温度及溶液pH值等因素对纤维吸附染料甲基橙吸附量和吸附速率的影响.结果表明,活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维吸附甲基橙染料符合表观二级动力学方程.吸附过程的限速步骤为甲基橙染料向活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维中活性炭颗粒内部微孔扩散,自制的活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维对甲基橙染料具有较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率,可作为甲基橙等染料废水治理的理想材料.     

泥炭作为吸油材料的试验

为了研制一种理想的吸油剂,对泥炭、秸秆、锯末和改性泥炭用作吸油材料进行了对比试验.结果表明,未改性的风干泥炭吸油效果好于秸秆和锯末,而且是藓类泥炭吸油效果好于草本泥炭;对于同一类型的泥炭,中细纤维结构的吸油量高于中粗纤维结构的;与未改性的风干泥炭相比,不论采用物理方法还是物理化学方法进行改性,改性后泥炭的吸油效果均好于改性前的.试验证明了泥炭可以作为一种吸油材料,尤其是改性后的泥炭更是一种效率高、成本低、环保型的吸油材料.