Cultivation modes and deficit irrigation strategies to improve 13C carbon isotope,photosynthesis, and winter wheat productivity in semi-arid regions

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Determining the effect of ridge-furrow cultivation mode on 13C carbon isotope discrimination, photosynthetic capacity, and leaf gas exchange...     

玉米秸秆生物炭对沉积物中BDE-47生态毒性的影响

生物炭对于污染沉积物的原位修复具有很大的潜力,但关于生物炭对沉积物中有机污染物生态毒性影响的研究则较少报道。为评价生物炭对沉积物中BDE-47生态毒性的影响,以底栖动物铜锈环棱螺为测试生物,采用28 d慢性沉积物生物测试研究了不同添加比例的玉米秸秆生物炭(CSB)与BDE-47联合作用对BDE-47生物积累、肝胰脏细胞DNA损伤以及氧化胁迫生物标志物的影响。结果表明,在慢性暴露情况下,CSB对铜锈环棱螺不具有毒性;CSB通过显著降低沉积物间隙水中BDE-47的浓度而降低其在铜锈环棱螺体内的生物积累。在实验浓度范围内(1%～7%),CSB添加比例越高,降低BDE-47生物积累的效果越显著。不同添加比例的CSB均可以显著降低BDE-47对铜锈环棱螺DNA损伤的毒性,较高比例(4%和7%)CSB的效果更为显著,但BDE-47的氧化胁迫毒性不随CSB添加比例的升高而下降。因此,从降低BDE-47生态毒性的角度考虑,沉积物中CSB的合适添加比例为4%左右。     

Catalytic decomposition of dioxins and other unintentional POPs in flue gas from a municipal waste incinerator (MWI) in China: a pilot testing

Unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs) include polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz), and hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz). With the booming of municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) in China, the emission of UPOPs has generated great concern. As an alternative technology of dioxin control, catalytic decomposition has not been used in China, mainly due to the absence of national demonstration projects. Also, the simultaneous removal of various UPOPs has not been well investigated.In this study, a pilot-scale selective catalytic oxidative (SCO) system using a self-developed honeycomb catalyst was built and tested in a typical municipal waste incinerator (MWI) of China. The original concentration of PCDD/Fs in flue gas after the treatment of activated carbon injection (ACI) still exceeded the national emission standard (0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm³), while the concentrations of PeCBz and HxCBz were one order of magnitude higher than that of PCDD/Fs. For the testing temperature varying from 300 to 200 °C, the removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs range from 39 to 95 %, followed by dl-PCBs with the range of 56–89 %. PeCBz and HxCBz were also removed, though their removal efficiencies were lower than those of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. Both temperature and degree of chlorination influence the removal efficiencies.     

混凝—热固化联合空气吹脱法处理高浓度水性油墨废水

采用混凝—热固化联合空气吹脱法处理高浓度水性油墨废水。混凝—热固化法处理高浓度水性油墨废水的优化工艺条件为混凝剂NS-1投加量7.36 g/L，热固化温度75 ℃，热固化时间30 min，在此条件下COD去除率达91.00%，色度去除率达99.00%。空气吹脱法处理混凝—热固化出水，初始ρ（氨氮）对氨氮去除率影响较小；气液比增大、废水pH升高、吹脱次数增加、废水温度升高均能提高氨氮去除率。在废水初始ρ（氨氮）为1 406.25 mg/L、气液比为2 667、废水pH为11.50、废水温度为25 ℃、连续吹脱4次的条件下，氨氮去除率达95.34%。     

城市消防安全影响因素及评估体系研究——以海南某沿海城市为例

在前人评估重点研究公共消防基础、灭火救援力量的基础上,增加消防安全形势、火灾防控工作对城市消防安全影响因素的研究,以海南某沿海城市为例,采用层次分析法构建城市消防安全评估体系,设置定量化评分判定基准,运用模糊集值统计法计算得分。评估结果表明体系更真实地反映了该市消防安全现状及火灾防控薄弱环节,最后针对高风险项提出具体改进措施。该体系模型丰富了评估指标数量;宏观考虑了该市热带气候、旅游型城市特征、火灾情况对消防安全形势的影响;更重要的是,提出将社会面火灾防控工作纳入评估体系。研究对于城市消防安全评估的宏观化、系统化、地域化、实用化、定量化都有一定参考意义。     

Toxicity assessment of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent by an integrated biomarker response in the liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was exposed to the increasing concentrations of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent (MSTPE) for 15 days, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), together with the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in the liver of C. auratus were investigated. Moreover, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach was applied to assess the adverse effects of MSTPE in freshwater. The aim of the study was to provide an effective biological indicator for evaluating the toxicity effects and ecological risks of MSTPE in the freshwater environment quantitatively. Results showed that MSTPE could cause oxidative damage to the liver of C. auratus, which reflected through the increasing MDA content over the exposure period. MSTPE also led to the biochemical responses of antioxidant defense in C. auratus liver, such as the enhancement of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities, as well as the inhibition of AChE activity and GSH content. It was found that MDA, SOD, GPx, and GSH could be used as the biomarkers for reflecting the adverse effects of MSTPE in the receiving freshwater on the 12th day of exposure. A significant increase of IBR values was observed as the increasing concentration of MSTPE, and the IBR values presented a significant positive correlation (r?=?0.891, P?<?0.05) with the increasing concentrations of MSTPE, indicating that IBR approach is a promising tool for assessing the toxicity effects of MSTPE in environmental freshwater.

     

O_3-H_2O_2催化氧化技术深度处理石化含盐废水

采用O_3-H_2O_2-催化剂氧化体系对某石化企业含盐废水的二级生化出水进行处理,考察了不同反应体系下的反应时间、O_3流量、H_2O_2投加量对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明:O_3-H_2O_2-催化剂氧化体系对石化含盐废水的处理效果最好;在臭氧流量为40 m L/min、H_2O_2投加量为50 mg/L、催化剂投加量为300 g/L、反应时间为60 min的条件下,COD去除率为51.4%,出水COD为52.0 mg/L,达到GB31570—2015《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》的要求。     

北京市典型重污染过程中PM2.5载带水溶性无机离子污染特征分析

为研究北京地区冬季PM_(2.5)载带的水溶性无机离子组分污染特征,2013年1月在中国环境科学研究院内采用在线离子色谱(URG-9000B,AIM-IC)对PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-、NH_4~+、Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+))进行监测与分析。结果表明,采样期间总水溶性无机离子(TWSI)浓度为61.0μg/m~3,其中二次无机离子SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+(SNA)占比达72.3%,在PM_(2.5)中占比为40.29%,表明北京市PM_(2.5)二次污染严重。重污染天[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]表明,固定源污染较移动源更为显著。三元相图表明,在空气质量为优的情况下,NH_4~+(在SNA中占比为30.3%~65.5%,下同)主要以NH_4NO_3的形式存在,较少比例以(NH_4)_2SO_4存在;严重污染时,NH_4~+(47.3%~77.9%)主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4形式存在,其次以NH_4NO_3的形式存在,其余的NH_4~+以NH_4Cl的形式存在。[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]日变化表明,早、晚机动车高峰影响北京重污染发生。     

多元可燃性气体爆炸压力与中间产物发射光谱特性的耦合研究

工业生产中爆炸事故往往是由多元可燃气体与空气混合后遇到明火而引起的，为研究乙烷（C₂H₆）、乙烯（C₂H₄）、一氧化碳（CO）、氢气（H₂）对甲烷爆炸特性的影响，选取多组分可燃气体甲烷爆炸压力特性和自由基发射光谱的影响进行研究，利用陕西省工业过程安全与应急救援工程技术研究中心重点实验室搭建的多功能球形气体/粉尘爆炸实验装置和单色仪进行爆炸实验测试，同步采集时间—压力曲线、中间产物（OH，CH₂O）的发射光谱信号，考察多组分可燃气体浓度对甲烷爆炸压力特性和中间产物的影响。结果表明:在富氧状态下，多组分可燃气体加剧了甲烷—空气混合体系的爆炸剧烈程度，随着体系中氧气含量的减少、由富氧状态变为贫氧状态、促进作用逐渐减弱转变为阻尼作用，爆炸压力特性与中间产物发射光谱参数的影响规律基本保持一致，均呈高度正相关；多元混合体系爆炸剧烈程度越大，自由基发射光谱达到峰值的速度越快，自由基更早、更快的积累是加剧爆炸程度的原因之一。     

Phosphorus transformation under the influence of aluminum,organic carbon,and dissolved oxygen at the water-sediment interface: A simulative study

• The three simulation factors caused various changes in both water and sediment. • Responses to simulations differed with the reported natural lakes and wetlands. • Al has dominant effects on sediment P release control among the three factors. • Adding sediment Al can be effective and safe under the simulated conditions. • Polyphosphates were not generated, while added phytate was rather stable. The effects of sediment aluminum (Al), organic carbon (OC), and dissolved oxygen (DO) on phosphorus (P) transformation, at the water-sediment interface of a eutrophic constructed lake, were investigated via a series of simulative experiments. The above three factors had various influences on dissolved P concentration, water pH, water and surface sediment appearance, and P fractions. Additions of Al had the greatest effect on suppressing P release, and the water pH remained alkaline in the water-sediment system under various OC and DO conditions. No dissolution of the added Al was detected. ³¹P-NMR characterization suggested that OC addition did not promote biological P uptake to polyphosphates under oxic conditions. The simulation result on the added phytate indicated the absence of phytate in the original lake sediment. As compared to the reported natural lakes and wetland, the water-sediment system of the constructed lake responded differently to some simulative conditions. Since Al, OC, and DO can be controlled with engineering methods, the results of this study provide insights for the practical site restorations.