Zn、Cd单一及复合污染对黑麦草根分泌物及根际Zn、Cd形态的影响

采用根袋土培试验,研究了锌、镉单一及复合污染对重金属富集植物黑麦草生长、锌镉积累、根分泌物及根际Zn、Cd形态的影响.结果表明,锌镉共存下(8 mmol/kg Zn+2 mmol/kg Cd),黑麦草对锌、镉的吸收为协同效应;仅镉污染时(2 mmol/kg Cd),镉对植株吸收锌为抑制效应.黑麦草吸收的锌、镉主要集中在地上部,以锌、镉复合污染时植株地上部对锌、镉的富集量最大,分别达到3 108.72、73.97 mg/kg,具有作为土壤重金属锌、镉污染植物修复材料的潜力.根际的松结合态锌、镉（交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态）含量大于其非根际的松结合态锌、镉含量.Cd污染和Zn、Cd复合污染的根际和非根际土壤镉形态均以交换态>碳酸盐结合态>铁锰结合态>残渣态>有机结合态.Zn污染及Zn、Cd复合污染根际和非根际土壤各锌形态以铁锰结合态>碳酸盐结合态>残渣态>有机结合态>交换态,而Cd污染的根际和非根际的锌形态则以残渣态>铁锰结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态.Zn、Cd污染促进了黑麦草根系氨基酸的分泌,降低了根际土壤的pH值,以Zn、Cd复合污染根际土壤氨基酸总量最大,分别为对照、Zn和Cd污染的1.95、1.54和1.40倍,根际土壤的pH值最低(5.18).根际氨基酸含量在重金属胁迫下明显增加,可能与黑麦草适应重金属胁迫有关.根际pH值高于非根际是根际Zn、Cd有效性大于非根际的重要原因.     

苏州市古城区降雨径流颗粒物粒径分布及污染物赋存形态

基于苏州市古城区内商业区、现代住宅区、老旧住宅区、交通区、园林旅游区等5种具有代表性的功能区降雨径流中颗粒物粒径分析、水质监测以及降雨径流参数,考察了古城区不同功能区降雨径流中颗粒物分布及其过程变化特征,重点分析了前期晴天数、降雨强度和径流量对径流中颗粒物分布的影响,并探讨了不同功能区主要污染物的赋存形态以及相关关系.结果表明,城市不同功能区降雨径流中颗粒物的粒径分布、迁移过程和输出特征存在较大差异,在针对径流污染控制措施的设计阶段需要区别对待;前期晴天数、降雨强度、径流量与粒径分布有显著的相关关系,是影响颗粒物分布的重要因素;颗粒物输出在降雨初期受径流冲刷影响较大,径流量与颗粒物迁移能力的相关性在降雨事件初期30%和后期70%径流体积中出现了明显差异;颗粒态是径流中污染物重要的输出形态,并且通过与不同粒径段颗粒物的相关性分析探明了小于150μm的颗粒物是吸附、富集污染物的主要载体.     

An innovative wood-chip-framework substrate used as slow-release carbon source to treat high-strength nitrogen wastewater

Removal of nitrogen in wastewater before discharge into receiving water courses is an important consideration in treatment systems. However, nitrogen removal efficiency is usually limited due to the low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. A common solution is to add external carbon sources, but amount of liquid is difficult to determine. Therefore, a combined wood-chip-framework substrate (with wood, slag and gravel) as a slow-release carbon source was constructed in baffled subsurface-flow constructed wetlands to overcome the problem. Results show that the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) could reach 37.5%–85%, 57.4%–86%, 32.4%–78%, respectively, indicating the combined substrate could diffuse sufficient oxygen for the nitrification process (slag and gravel zone) and provide carbon source for denitrification process (wood-chip zone). The nitrification and denitrification were determined according to the location of slag/gravel and wood-chip, respectively. Nitrogen removal was efficient at the steady phase before a shock loading using slag-wood-gravel combined substrate because of nitrification–denitrification process, while nitrogen removal was efficient under a shock loading with wood-slag-gravel combined substrate because of ANAMMOX process. This study provides a new idea for wetland treatment of high-strength nitrogen wastewater.     

Nitrous oxide fluxes from the littoral zone of a lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) fluxes were measured in six littoral mirco-zones of Lake Huahu on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the peak growing season of years of 2006 and 2007. The weighted mean N(2)O flux rate was 0.08 mg N m(-2) h(-1) (ranged from -0.07 to 0.35 mg N m(-2) h(-1)). The result was relatively high in the scope of N(2)O fluxes from boreal and temperate lakes. Emergent plant zones (Hippuris vulgaris and Glyceria maxima stands) recorded the highest N(2)O flux rate (0.11 ± 0.24 and 0.08 ± 0.17 mg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively). Non-vegetated lakeshore recorded the lowest N(2)O flux (0.03 ± 0.11 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), lower than that from the floating mat zone of Carex muliensis (0.05 ± 0.18 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), the floating-leaved plant zone of Polygonum amphibium (0.07 ± 0.11 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), and the wet meadow (0.07 ± 0.15 mg N m(-2) h(-1)). Standing water depths were important factors to explain such spatial variations in N(2)O fluxes. Significant temporal variations in N(2)O fluxes were also found. Such temporal variation in N(2)O flux in the littoral zone may be dependent on the interaction of water regime and thermal conditions, instead of the latter solely. These results showed the importance of the littoral zone of lake, especially the emergent plant zone, as a hotspot of N(2)O fluxes in such grazing meadows.     

Application of high OLR-fed aerobic granules for the treatment of low-strength wastewater：Performance, granule morphology and microbial community

Aerobic granules, pre-cultivated at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.0 kg COD/(m3 ·day), were used to treat low-strength wastewater in two sequencing batch reactors at low OLRs of 1.2 and 0.6 kg COD/(m3 ·day), respectively. Reactor performance, evolution of granule morphology, structure and microbial community at low OLRs under long-term operation (130 days) were investigated. Results showed that low OLRs did not cause significant damage to granule structure as a dominant granule morphology with size over 540 μm was maintained throughout the operation. Aerobic granules at sizes of about 750 μm were finally obtained at the low OLRs. The granule reactors operated at low OLRs demonstrated effective COD and ammonia removals (above 90%), smaller granule sizes and less biomass. The contents of extracellular polymeric substances in the granules were decreased while the ratios of exopolysaccharide/exoprotein were increased (above 1.0). The granules cultivated at the low OLRs showed a smoother surface and more compact structure than the seeded granules. A significant shift in microbial community was observed but the microbial diversity remained relatively stable. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy observation showed that the live cells were spread throughout the whole granule, while the dead cells were mainly concentrated in the outer layer of the granule, and the proteins, polysaccharides and lipids were mainly located in the central regime of the granule. In conclusion, granules cultivated at high OLRs show potential for treating low-strength organic wastewater steadily under long-term operation.     

环境管理政策的选择分析

环境管理政策的选择是一项复杂的决策过程 ,本文拟就环境管理政策的一般原理和基本过程进行阐述。一是对环境政策、环境管理政策的选择空间进行界定 ,对环境管理政策的选择进行分析 ;二是提出环境管理政策的选择原理和评判准则 ;三是对环境管理政策选择的可操作过程进行分析和论述。并由此得出 :环境管理政策的选择应在考虑具体的外部因素以及内部因素的基础上的政策择优 ,有效的环境管理政策的选择应该是给定约束条件下的管制手段、经济手段和劝说手段的恰当组合。     

森林土壤氧化（吸收）甲烷研究进展

甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,对全球气候变暖的贡献仅次于CO2,约为25%。大气甲烷可以被土壤中甲烷氧化细菌在有氧条件下吸收利用,陆地生态系统森林土壤氧化吸收甲烷的研究已有大量报道。甲烷氧化菌是以甲烷作为唯一的碳源和能源的一类细菌的总称。但森林土壤在全球甲烷核算中具有一定的不确定性,取决于产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的相对活性。甲烷氧化菌的研究集中在环境对氧化能力的影响和自身氧化能力上。大气甲烷氧化过程为高氧化能力低亲力氧化,受到一些因子,如土壤温度、土壤通气状况、pH、氮肥等的影响,具体机理的研究还有待进一步深入。土壤通气状况受土壤质地与土壤水分影响,土地利用类型可能改变土壤容重、土壤结构和土壤水分,进而影响土壤甲烷氧化。植物可以通过自身对生境的作用或化感作用影响土壤甲烷氧化。土壤动物的研究则相对较少,目前排放清单中仅有白蚁是全球甲烷核算所包括的。从甲烷氧化菌的分类出发,对甲烷氧化菌氧化甲烷的机理、菌的生态分布及甲烷氧化的影响因素、时空异质性、观测方法等作出了综述,为正确认识和准确预测森林土壤在一定气候和土地利用类型条件下的甲烷氧化强度提供理论依据。     

不同放牧强度对高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的早期影响

放牧是高寒草甸一种重要的利用方式,对土壤理化性质和植被会产生重要影响,研究放牧对高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的影响对估算碳交换和制定合理放牧政策具有重要意义.利用静态箱-气象色谱法,于2012年8月到2013年7月在青藏高原东缘高寒草甸对轻度、中度和重度3种放牧强度下的生态系统呼吸进行每月至少一次的连续观测,以估算高寒草甸生态系统呼吸,并探讨放牧强度对生态系统呼吸的作用.结果显示:轻度、中度和重度放牧条件下,年均生态系统呼吸(以C计)分别为226.33±62.30、213.63±53.22和215.15±53.19 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),三者之间无显著差异(P0.05);在生长季生态系统呼吸分别为367.97±47.86、324.62±44.95和348.37±43.10 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),在非生长季生态系统呼吸分别为105.81±22.13、96.55±14.69和110.61±16.89 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),在不同放牧强度下生态系统呼吸均表现出明显的季节特征,但在相同季节不同放牧强度间生态系统呼吸差异不显著;月累积降水量与生态系统呼吸呈显著正相关关系;该区域放牧地生态系统平均年累积呼吸为472.63 g m~(-2) h~(-1).本研究表明,在试验初期不同放牧强度对生态系统呼吸无显著作用.     

Estimation of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient using a two-zone model in a channel partially covered with artificial emergent vegetation

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - Understanding scalar transport in solvents is important in chemical engineering, pollution control, and water remediation, where the longitudinal dispersion...     

Evaluating the hydrodynamics of a round jet in a vegetated crossflow through large eddy simulation

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - Vegetation plays an important role on the turbulence structures of the effluent spreading in an open channel, which are insufficiently studied. This paper employs a...