离子色谱法快速分析污水中的无机阴离子研究

采用Dionex ICS-900型离子色谱仪对污水中氟离子、氯离子、亚硝酸根离子、硝酸根离子、硫酸根离子等五种阴离子进行测定。在戴安公司提供的色谱条件的基础上,对其进行了修改和改进,实验对淋洗液组分、浓度和流速进行了筛选,使方法的分析效能大大提高,达到了快速分析的要求。按改进后的色谱条件,五种阴离子的分离度达到了3.06,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于1.533%。并且,对有标准值的样品进行质量控制考核,结果表明各离子的测定结果均在考核范围之内。     

环境规划中环境资源有价理论的政策研究和实践

随着环境保护意识的加强和环境保护理论的不断拓展,环境资源有价的理念逐步深入到管理层面,环境资源有偿使用也逐步成为重要的环境管理手段。部分省份经过多年的实践探索,取得了积极成效,但也存在一些问题。为了使环境资源有价理论相关内容在环境保护"十三五"规划中更加完善,本文在环境资源有价理论的基础上,通过分析总结,探索适宜的可持续发展的一系列经济政策,并介绍其在山西省的实践应用,期望利用经济手段的调控作用,实现环境保护和经济可持续发展的目的。     

污水处理厂脱水机操作运行研究

文章紧密结合污水处理厂脱水工艺中新型离心脱水机的应用实际,对Flottweg离心脱水机的结构原理、操作特点、工艺参数控制进行了阐述,通过对转鼓转速、差速、进料流量、絮凝剂投加量及种类、进料扭矩和液池深度等参数的选择,探讨了离心脱水机运行工况的优化,并对一些运行中所出现的问题进行了分析.此外,针对运行实例,在分析了污泥成份性质的基础上,对脱水机的综合控制与调整进行了研究,为离心脱水机最优化运行提供经验和参考.     

天山活动地块地震的震源机制

利用天山地块的地震震源机制解,并结合Google Earth遥感影像验证了柯坪地区内逆冲推覆构造带发震断裂的走向。讨论了喀什地区地震空区的形变特征和区域应力场,同时根据Google Earth遥感影像中地震空区的地貌类型,分析了地震空区周围的形变特征,推断地震空区附近薄弱介质区域的地震危险性较高。此外,还根据天山地区的地震震源机制在Google Earth遥感影像上的分布规律,并结合地质信息分析了震源机制分区差异性的形成原因和造成这种差异的背景应力场。     

亚青会期间南京地区气溶胶浓度变化及其与能见度的关系

为保障2014年青奥会空气质量和制定控制措施提供科学支持,利用2013年8月南京市气溶胶的观测资料,结合气象要素,分析了南京地区气溶胶浓度变化特征,并深入研究了气溶胶质量浓度与相对湿度对能见度的影响.结果表明,观测期间PM10和PM2.5质量浓度平均值分别为67.44μg·m-3和31.92μg·m-3,0.1~10μm粒径范围内的气溶胶粒子数浓度和体积浓度的平均值分别为2466.25 cm-3和19.89μm3·cm-3;对数正态分布(log-normal)拟合平均谱分布得到两个模态的中值粒径分别为0.19μm和1.12μm;局地源强是影响南京气溶胶浓度的重要因子;PM10和PM2.5质量浓度日变化略有差异,PM10浓度日变化主要受交通和边界层活动影响,PM2.5浓度日变化则主要受交通排放和光化学反应生成的二次污染物的影响;对能见度的统计分析表明,能见度随PM2.5浓度和相对湿度的增加而降低,当相对湿度小于70%时,PM2.5浓度对能见度的影响较大,当相对湿度大于70%时,相对湿度对能见度的影响较大.     

苏南地区香樟树皮中有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染水平及来源解析

利用树皮作为被动采样介质,2012年8月于苏南地区采集了33个香樟树皮进行有机氯农药(OCPs)的分析.结果表明,苏南地区香樟树皮中六氯苯(HCB)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和氯丹(Chlordanes)的含量范围(以干重计)分别为0.31~1.81、0.40~17.3和n.d.~1.03 ng·g-1.由于六氯苯挥发性较强,其含量的空间差异性不明显.同其它研究结果相比,苏南地区树皮中六氯苯含量相对较低.苏南地区DDT主要来源于工业DDT的历史残留和三氯杀螨醇的使用.根据反式氯丹(TC)/顺式氯丹(CC)的比值判定,苏南地区城区中氯丹可能来源于近期的直接使用,而乡村地区则来源于历史残留.     

国内外水泥工业大气污染物排放标准比较研究

新修订GB 4915-2013《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》于2014年3月1日实施.该标准将成为水泥工业防治污染、减排总量、调整结构、优化布局的重要抓手.本文对我国、美国、欧盟、日本相关排放标准(或指令)进行了研究,对比了污染物项目、控制指标、限值严格程度、实施手段等方面的异同,提出了标准建议,为我国排放标准制修订工作提供参考,有助于提高环境管理和污染控制水平.     

我国水泥工业大气污染物排放标准的修订历程与思考

国家近期修订发布了GB 4915-2013《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》,这是自1985年首次发布标准以来的第三次修订.本文回顾了我国水泥工业大气污染物排放标准制修订历程,重点分析了环境保护形势和环境管理思路的变化对标准内容和表现形式的影响,提出了标准制订原则,以及对标准制订中关键问题的把握,它们共同构成了我国排放标准的制定规则,对于完善我国排放标准制订理论和方法,提高环境管理和污染控制水平,具有重要意义.     

A simulation study of mercury release fluxes from soils in wet-dry rotation environment

A simulative mesocosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of wet-dry rotation on mercury（Hg） flux from soil/water to air and the distribution of Hg species in water as well as Hg chemical fractions in soil. Three types of soil were employed including two kinds of paddy soil, Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosols（TPUC） and Xanthi-Udic Ferralosols（XUF）, as well as the Alluvial Soil（AS） from Three Gorge reservoir area in Chongqing, China. The results showed that Hg fluxes in wetting periods were significantly higher than that in drying periods. It might be due to the formation of a layer of stable air over the water surface in which some redox reactions promote evasion processes over the water surface. This result indicated that more Hg would be evaporated from the Three Gorge reservoir and paddy soil field during the flooding season. Hg fluxes were positively correlated with air temperature and solar irradiation, while negatively correlated with air humidity and the electronic conductivity of water. Hg fluxes from AS and TPUC were significantly higher than that from XUF, which might be due to the higher organic matter（OM） contents in XUF than TPUC and AS. The reduction processes of oxidized Hg were restrained due to the strong binding of Hg to OM, resulting in the decrease in Hg flux from the soil.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.