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61.
Results of surveys on Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine insecticides (HCH and DDT) in fish and shellfish from Lake Biwa were summarized from 1987 to 1996. In 1975, fish and shellfish in Lake Biwa were highly contaminated with PCB, HCH and DDT but recently in 1992–1996 the concentrations of these chemicals were very low and nearly constant. In the composition of HCH isomers, β‐HCH was dominant in all kinds of fish and shellfish. In the composition of DDT and DDT metabolites, pp'‐DDE was similarly dominant in all kinds of fish and shellfish. Further, the data in Lake Biwa were compared with those in Lake Michigan and Lake Baikal. 相似文献
62.
This paper reports on the relationships between creative mental sets and rule-violating actions using questionnaires answered by 218 nursing workers. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The results revealed five factors of creative mental sets: curiosity, minutiae, inquiry, sensitivity, and courage. In addition, rule-violating actions were found to consist of three factors: violation of regulations, violation of local rules, and self-style. The results of multiple regression analyses showed a negative relation between curiosity and regular rule violation. Negative correlations were observed among minutiae, inquiry, and local rule violation. Furthermore, the mean score of local rule violation of a person who thinks that it is important for the work environment to offer high and excellent care is significantly higher than that of those who think that other environmental considerations are more important. The result elucidated the necessity of using workers’ heuristics in the process of improving safety rules as well as improving their acceptability to workers. This point is important and applicable not only in the field of patient safety management systems, but also in other fields. 相似文献
63.
64.
65.
Mochizuki M Hondo R Kumon K Sasaki R Matsuba H Ueda F 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2002,73(3):229-235
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that has serioustoxicity in humans and animals and causes Itai-Itai disease.However, there is little available information on itscontamination in wildlife as an indicator of environmentalpollution. The Cd contents in the kidney and liver of 85 wildbirds from 9 different prefectures in Japan were investigated.The ranges of the Cd contents in the kidney and liver in allbirds were ND-174.4 and ND-21.2 g g-1 dry wt.,respectively. The mean Cd contents were higher in theoil-contaminated birds than those in the non-contaminated ones.Furthermore, a strong correlation was obtained only between theCd contents in the kidney and those in the liver of theoil-contaminated seabirds and not in the other non-contaminatedones. These results suggest that wild birds reflect the levelof environmental contamination which should be monitored. 相似文献
66.
Shinsuke Tanabe Narayanan Kannan Tadaaki Wakimoto Ryo Tatsukawa Taku Okamoto Yoshito Masuda 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(4):215-231
In the light of new discoveries on the extremely toxic non‐ortho coplanar 3,3’,4,4'‐tetra‐ (T4CB), 3,3’,4,4’,5‐penta‐(P5CB) and 3,3'4,4’,5,5'‐hexachlorobiphenyl (H6CB) and their mono‐ and di‐ortho analogs, tissue samples of a Yusho poisoning victim and Yusho causal oils were subjected to a thorough congener/isomer‐specific investigation for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs). Among the many PCB congeners detected in Yusho oil, non‐ortho coplanar T4CB constituted 3.1%, P5CB‐0.17% and H6CB‐0.0072% in total PCBs. Their concentrations in liver and adipose tissue were 130–700 (T4CB), 54–720 (P5CB) and 50–380 (H6CB) pg/g on wet weight basis. The observed concentrations in adipose tissue were two to four fold higher than that detected in unexposed individuals. Among the PCDFs identified, toxic 2,3,7,8‐substituted isomers including 2,3,4,7,8‐P5CDF were the dominant ones. Tetra‐ through hepta‐CDDs were detected in the oil, whereas octa‐CDD was the dominant isomer in the patient. A comparison with KC‐400 revealed enrichment of coplanar PCBs in Yusho oil along with toxic PCDFs. Enrichment was highest for 3,3'4,4'5,5'‐H6CB followed by 3,3’,4,4'5‐P5CB. A comparative toxic evaluation of these chemical groups in Yusho patient's adipose tissue based on “2,3,7,8‐T4CDD Toxic Equivalent Analysis” revealed accountable toxic contribution from coplanar PCBs. This analysis also confirmed that 2,3,4,7,8‐P5CDF was the principal causative agent in Yusho poisoning. 相似文献
67.
Asako Nishijima Jun Nakatani Kazuo Yamamoto Fumiyuki Nakajima 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2012,14(1):52-64
Many life cycle assessment studies have evaluated and compared the environmental performance of various technologies for recycling
plastic containers and packaging in Japan and other countries. However, no studies have evaluated the combination of recycling
technologies in consideration of the resin composition in terms of the quantity of each recycled product so as to maximize
their environmental potential. In this study, 27 scenarios of recycling schemes for household waste plastic containers and
packaging are developed through integrating a conventional recycling scheme with additional recycling schemes. The conventional
recycling scheme involves municipal curbside collection and either the material recycling or feedstock recycling of waste
plastics. The additional recycling schemes are feedstock recycling in steel works of the residue from conventional material
recycling processes, and corporate voluntary collection and independent material recycling of specific types of plastic trays.
Life cycle assessment based on the modeling of recycling processes considering the resin composition in terms of the quantity
of each recycled product is applied to evaluate and compare these scenarios from the viewpoints of fossil resource consumption
and CO2 emission. The results show that the environmental loads are reduced in all scenarios including the additional recycling schemes
compared with the conventional recycling scheme. However, the independent plastic tray recycling scheme exhibits lower additional
environmental savings when the residue recycling scheme is integrated with the conventional material recycling scheme. This
is because both additional recycling schemes aim to utilize polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate, which would otherwise
be incinerated as residue from material recycling processes. The evaluation of the environmental loads of plastic recycling
with consideration of the resin composition in terms of the quantity of each recycled product makes it possible to investigate
recycling schemes that integrate different technologies to maximize their environmental potential. 相似文献
68.
Tsuyoshi Noma Katsuki Ide Jun Yoshikawa Kazutaka Kojo Hiroshi Matsui Ryo Nakajima Kiyoshi Imai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2012,14(3):153-161
To achieve both high-efficiency power generation and high detoxification performance, advanced-type waste power generation plants such as pyrolysis and gas reforming plants are suggested. Further surveys on actual operational data of these plants are required in terms of reliability of the system when it is introduced to waste disposal sites. To verify the technical effectiveness of advanced-type waste power generation using the pyrolysis and gas reforming method, we evaluated 10?tons/day of municipal solid wastes (MSW) treated in a demonstration plant. A demonstration test was conducted over 100?days including 35?consecutive days of operation treating MSWs. The test results show high recycling performance and harmless nature of the plant which proves it to be an excellent waste recycling system. Major test results are as follows: (1) stabilization of waste treatment is possible with the wastes of various qualities, (2) clean gas is produced from the waste whose energy recovery ratio is approximately 40?%. (3) 99.3?% weight % of dried waste are recovered as valuable materials such as clean gas, char and metal, (4) total amount of dioxin emission to the outside of the plant is very small, down to 0.0051–0.018?μg?TEQ per ton waste. 相似文献
69.
The degree of cadmium (Cd) contamination in wildlife is often used as an indicator in the environmental monitoring of Cd poisoning.
However, previous studies have not clarified the correlation between levels in wildlife and levels in the environment by comparing
levels among different species of animals; therefore, assessing the level of pollution in this manner is not considered a
reliably accurate indicator of levels in the environment. The aim of this study was to establish a new indicator for the non-polluted
warm-blooded animals, one that is not species-dependent, which will facilitate using different species for Cd monitoring.
First, the previous publications regarding Cd contents in wildlife, 27 reports in which Cd contents were represented as arithmetic
means and described for both kidney and liver were selected. A regression line (CSRL) between Cd contents of kidney and that
of liver was obtained in a high correlation coefficient (R
2 = 0.943, P < 0.01). The mean values from land and waterfowl, terrestrial mammals, seabirds, marine mammals, and non-polluted humans
were located on the line and aligned in order. CSRL might allow an accurate determination of whether an animal is polluted
by Cd. CSRL was confirmed using well-established and widely recognized pollution models such as Itai-itai patients and Cd-exposed
experimental animals. The Cd contents from these models were located in different positions relative to CSRL depending on
the level of contamination. Thus, this new indicator determining the Cd-pollution status of animals would be useful for environmental
monitoring. 相似文献
70.
Todaka T Hirakawa H Kajiwara J Hori T Tobiishi K Onozuka D Kato S Sasaki S Nakajima S Saijo Y Sata F Kishi R Iida T Furue M 《Chemosphere》2007,69(8):1228-1237
We measured the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), non-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho PCBs), and mono-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (mono-ortho PCBs) in blood collected between 2002 and 2004 from 195 pregnant women living in Sapporo City of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. The present study is one of the few studies in which PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs have been measured in the blood of pregnant women. Of the 195 pregnant women, 101 were primipara (mean: 28.8 years) and 94 were multipara (mean: 32.4 years). The arithmetic mean total TEQ concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs of primiparous and multiparous mothers in Sapporo City were 17.4 (median: 15.7) and 14.0 (median: 13.9)pgTEQ/glipid, respectively, and the concentrations were in the range of 6.6-43.4 and 3.4-28.2pgTEQ/glipid, respectively. In regard to the relationship between the total TEQ concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs in maternal blood and the number of deliveries or age of primiparous and multiparius mothers, the levels of these dioxin-like compounds tended to decrease with increases in the number of deliveries and significantly increased with increasing maternal age in both groups. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between the total TEQ concentrations of these dioxin-like compounds and the age of primiparae and multiparae. The total TEQ concentration of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs measured in 195 pregnant women has decreased compared to past levels in Japan for the last several decades. The results of the present study have indicated that dioxin contamination in the blood of young women in Japan is continuing to decrease. 相似文献