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61.
Fernando J. Beltrán Juan F. García‐Araya Javier Rivas Pedro M. Álvarez Eva Rodriguez 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):439-454
Abstract Comparison of the effects and kinetics of UV photolysis and four advanced oxidation systems (ozone, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/UV radiation and UV radiation/hydrogen peroxide) for the removal of simazine from water has been investigated. At the conditions applied, the order of reactivity was ozone < ozone/hydrogen peroxide < UV radiation < ozone/UV radiation and UV radiation/hydrogen peroxide. Rate constants of the reactions between ozone and simazine and hydroxyl radical and simazine were found to be 8.7 M‐1s‐1 and 2.1x109 M‐1s‐1, respectively. Also, a quantum yield of 0.06 mol.photon‐1 was found for simazine at 254 nm UV radiation. The high value of the quantum yield corroborated the importance of the direct photolysis process. Percentage contributions of direct reaction with ozone, reaction with hydroxyl radicals and direct photolysis were also quantified. 相似文献
62.
MARÍA SAURA ANDRÉS PÉREZ‐FIGUEROA JESÚS FERNÁNDEZ MIGUEL A. TORO ARMANDO CABALLERO 《Conservation biology》2008,22(5):1277-1287
Abstract: Optimization of contributions of parents to progeny by minimizing the average coancestry of the progeny is an effective strategy for maintaining genetic diversity in ex situ conservation programs, but its application on the basis of molecular markers has the negative collateral effect of homogenizing the allelic frequencies at each locus. Because one of the objectives of a conservation program is to preserve the genetic composition of the original endangered population, we devised a method in which markers are used to maintain the allele frequency distribution at each locus as closely as possible to that of the native population. Contributions of parents were obtained so as to minimize changes in allele frequency for a set of molecular markers in a population of reduced size. We used computer simulations, under a range of scenarios, to assess the effectiveness of the method in comparison with methods in which contributions of minimum coancestry are sought, either making use of molecular markers or genealogical information. Our simulations indicated that the proposed method effectively maintained the original distribution of allele frequencies, particularly under strong linkage, and maintained acceptable levels of genetic diversity in the population. Nevertheless, contributions of minimum coancestry determined from pedigree information but ignoring the genealogy previous to the conservation program, was the most effective method for maintaining allelic frequencies in realistic situations. 相似文献
63.
Ángel Uruburu Eva Ponce-Cueto José Ramón Cobo-Benita Joaquín Ordieres-Meré 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(3):679-688
Directive 2008/98/EC released by the European Union represents a significant step forward in all relevant aspects of waste management. Under the already established, extended produced responsibility (EPR) principle, new policies have been enunciated to continuously achieve better overall environmental performance of key products throughout their life phases. This paper discusses how the directive is being articulated in Spain by the main integrated management system (IMS) for end-of-life (EOL) tyres since its creation in 2006. Focusing on the IMS technological, economic and legal aspects, the study provides a global perspective and evaluation of how the IMS is facing the current issues to resolve, the new challenges that have appeared and the management vision for the coming years. 相似文献
64.
VIRGINIA GALLEGOS PÉRULA RAFAEL M. NAVARRO CERRILLO PILAR FERNÁNDEZ REBOLLOo GEMADEL VALLE MURILLO 《Environmental management》2003,31(1):0086-0099
The objective of this study was to examine postfire regeneration of tree, shrub, and dwarf shrub species, in relation to levels
of damage in four planted pine forests (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster) in Andalusia. A prefire vegetation map was used for detailing species composition, vertical structure, and density and another
for detailing the extent and intensity of fire damage. Between 3 and 7 years after the fires, an inventory was made of the
vegetation in each area, using the step-point method. The information thus obtained was used to determine the amount of cover
in the dwarf/shrub and tree layers, the frequency of species in each of the layers, floristic richness, and diversity (Shannon
index). The botanical composition of the dwarf and shrub layer was analyzed using TWINSPAN. Variables were poorly correlated
with level of fire damage, which suggests that the forests in this study followed the autosuccession model. Because of the
artificial origin or seminatural condition, regeneration of the dominant tree species is poor, and it seems unlikely that
forests will recover to their prefire state. Therefore action is recommended to restore these ecosystems. 相似文献
65.
Performance evaluation of a biotrickling filter treating a mixture of oxygenated VOCs during intermittent loading 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sempere F Gabaldón C Martínez-Soria V Marzal P Penya-roja JM Javier Álvarez-Hornos F 《Chemosphere》2008,73(9):1533-1539
Laboratory scale-studies on the biodegradation of a 1:1:1 weight mixture of three oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methyl-ethyl ketone (MEK) in a biotrickling filter (BTF) were carried out using two identically sized columns, filled with different polypropylene rings. The performance of the BTFs was examined for a period of 10 months applying several operational strategies. Similar performance was obtained for both supports. Intermittent flow rate of trickling liquid was shown beneficial to improve the removal efficiency (RE). Continuous feeding of VOC resulted in an excessive accumulation of biomass so high pressure drop was developed in less than 20-30 d of operation. Intermittent VOC loading with night and weekend feed cut-off periods passing dry air, but without addition of water, was shown as a successful operational mode to control the thickness of the biofilm. In this case, operation at high inlet loads (ILs) was extended for more than 75 d maintaining high REs and low pressure drops. Outlet emission concentrations lower than 100 mg Cm(-3) were obtained for ILs up to 100 g Cm(-3)h(-1) working at 15s of empty bed residence time. The most easily biodegradable compounds ethanol and ethyl acetate were used primarily than MEK. After a 3-wk-starvation period, the system performance was almost restored since the first d of operation, being the removal of the less biodegradable compound, MEK, partially deteriorated. 相似文献
66.
Mercury concentrations are usually significant in historic Hg mining districts all over the world, so the atmospheric environment is potentially affected. In Asturias, northern Spain, past mining operations have left a legacy of ruins and Hg-rich wastes, soils and sediments in abandoned sites. Total Hg concentrations in the ambient air of these abandoned mine sites have been investigated to evaluate the impact of the Hg emissions. This paper presents the synthesis of current knowledge about atmospheric Hg contents in the area of the abandoned Hg mining and smelting works at ‘La Peña–El Terronal’ and La Soterraña, located in Mieres and Pola de Lena districts, respectively, both within the Caudal River basin. It was found that average atmospheric Hg concentrations are higher than the background level in the area (0.1 μg Nm?3), reaching up to 203.7 μg Nm?3 at 0.2 m above the ground level, close to the old smelting chimney at El Terronal mine site. Data suggest that past Hg mining activities have big influences on the increased Hg concentrations around abandoned sites and that atmospheric transfer is a major pathway for Hg cycling in these environments. 相似文献
67.
Optimum natural resource management and biodiversity conservation are desirable goals. These, however, often exclude each
other, since maximum economic benefits have promoted drastic reductions in biodiversity throughout the world. This dilemma
confronts local stakeholders, who usually go for maximizing economic inputs, whereas other social (e.g., academic) sectors
are favor conservation practices. In this paper we describe the way two scientific approaches—landscape and participatory
research—were used to develop sound and durable land use scenarios. These two approaches included expert knowledge of both
social and environmental conditions in indigenous communities. Our major emphasis was given to detect spatially explicit land
use scenarios and capacity building in order to construct a decision support system operated by stakeholders of the Comunidad
Indigena de Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro in Mexico. The system for decision-making was fed with data from inventories of
both abiotic and biotic biodiversity components. All research, implementation, and monitoring activities were conducted in
close collaboration with members of the indigenous community. As a major result we obtained a number of forest alternative
uses that favor emerging markets and make this indigenous community less dependent on a single market. Furthermore, skilled
members of the community are now running the automated system for decision-making. In conclusion, our results were better
expressed as products with direct benefits in local livelihoods rather than pure academic outputs. 相似文献
68.
Efficient and equitable design of marine protected areas in Fiji through inclusion of stakeholder‐specific objectives in conservation planning 下载免费PDF全文
Robert L. Pressey Natalie C. Ban Jorge G. Álvarez‐Romero Stacy Jupiter Vanessa M. Adams 《Conservation biology》2015,29(5):1378-1389
The efficacy of protected areas varies, partly because socioeconomic factors are not sufficiently considered in planning and management. Although integrating socioeconomic factors into systematic conservation planning is increasingly advocated, research is needed to progress from recognition of these factors to incorporating them effectively in spatial prioritization of protected areas. We evaluated 2 key aspects of incorporating socioeconomic factors into spatial prioritization: treatment of socioeconomic factors as costs or objectives and treatment of stakeholders as a single group or multiple groups. Using as a case study the design of a system of no‐take marine protected areas (MPAs) in Kubulau, Fiji, we assessed how these aspects affected the configuration of no‐take MPAs in terms of trade‐offs between biodiversity objectives, fisheries objectives, and equity in catch losses among fisher stakeholder groups. The achievement of fisheries objectives and equity tended to trade‐off concavely with increasing biodiversity objectives, indicating that it is possible to achieve low to mid‐range biodiversity objectives with relatively small losses to fisheries and equity. Importantly, the extent of trade‐offs depended on the method used to incorporate socioeconomic data and was least severe when objectives were set for each fisher stakeholder group explicitly. We found that using different methods to incorporate socioeconomic factors that require similar data and expertise can result in plans with very different impacts on local stakeholders. 相似文献
69.
Stephen Samuel Leila Álvarez Garcia 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2014,7(4):293-306
The interest in obtaining alternative fuels from waste sources and at the same time diminishing the impact of waste disposal has drawn attention to scrap tyres' carbon recovery. In order to thermally degrade used tyre rubber, a laboratory pyrolysis system was developed in this work. The installation devised focused on the production of liquid pyrolysates, where shredded rubber was supplied as the feedstock and nitrogen used as the carrier gas to provide an oxygen-free atmosphere. The variables affecting the performance of the process were investigated, including target temperature, heating rate and total residence time. Characterization of the volatile matter released was conducted by means of mass spectrometry to determine the composition of products, and particulate matter analysis to ascertain the aerosol content in the gas stream. The reproducibility of experiments, the influence of the temperature and time, and differences between the vapours before condensation and the exhaust gases are discussed. This work identified that the larger hydrocarbon fragments condense to constitute the oils, whereas the lighter molecules remain as non-condensable gases. This work also identified that the total number of nano-scale particles carried by the exhaust stream varies with temperature; significant changes in the composition of products and particle content were reported at approximately 400°C. The high number of nano-scale solid particulate matter present in the exhaust gases suggests that a thorough treatment for that stream would be required to avoid human health hazards. 相似文献
70.
Bugueño-Carrasco Sebastián Monteil Hélène Toledo-Neira Carla Sandoval Miguel Ángel Thiam Abdoulaye Salazar Ricardo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(19):23753-23766
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, the simultaneous degradation of antibiotics (ampicillin, sulfamethazine, and tetracycline; and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories... 相似文献