城市污水水解-厌氧-微氧联合处理工艺

采用水解 -厌氧 -微氧联合处理工艺处理城市污水的研究结果表明 :在总 HRT不超过 8.5h(水解 2.5h、厌氧 4.0h、微氧2.0 h) ,平均温度为 19℃ ,进水COD浓度为300±50 mg/L时 ,总 COD和 SS的去除率分别可达75%和80%以上 .总出水COD、BOD、SS完全达到国家二级排放标准 .微氧单元对厌氧出水中残余有机物去除效果良好 ,HRT不超过 2h,DO控制在 0.2 mg/L～0.5mg/L左右 ,进水为150mg/L时 ,去除率可达 53%以上 .微氧污泥沉降性能良好 ,SVI=38.8ml/g.水解 -厌氧 -微氧工艺在突出低能耗的前提下 ,达到了较高的有机物去除率 ,与现有的城市污水处理工艺相比有一定的优越性 .     

我国10城市冬季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染及呼吸暴露风险评价

大气中颗粒物和多环芳烃对环境与人体健康危害较大,已引起社会各界的广泛关注。以我国10个城市2013年12月和2014年1月大气中空气动力学直径小于10μm的颗粒物(PM10)为研究对象,采用硅胶-氧化铝层析柱净化分离、气质联用仪分析的方法测定了27种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平,分析其谱分布及空间分布,并通过呼吸暴露途径估算了癌症病发增量(ILCRs)和人群归因危险度百分比(PAF)。结果表明,27种物质的总浓度为13.72~2 002 ng·m-3;在10个城市中晋中总浓度最高,厦门最低。PAHs空间污染水平呈现北方高于南方、东部沿海城市浓度相对较低的趋势。温度与总浓度有相关性。在27种PAHs中,占主导地位的单体为荧蒽(FLA,7.56%~19.8%),芘(PYR,6.72%~13.8%),艹屈(CHR,12.8%~19.6%)和苯并(k)荧蒽(Bk F,8.59%~15.5%),4者占到多环芳烃总浓度的42.1%~64.3%。根据研究区域苯并[a]芘(Ba P)人口加权浓度估算ILCRs范围为8.94×10-6~4.77×10-4,据此计算的PAFs为0.487%~13.2%,均值为3.44%,高于全国平均水平1.6%。上述研究结果为大气颗粒物中PAHs的研究提供重要的数据基础。     

Taxonomic structure and potential nitrogen metabolism of microbial assemblage in a large hypereutrophic steppe lake

Recent studies have expanded the interests about microbial community and function following the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing techniques in the freshwater ecosystem. In this study, we aimed to attain a deep understanding of microbial community structure and potential nitrogen metabolism in Hulun Lake, a shallow hypereutrophic steppe lake in the Mongolian Plateau in China. The result demonstrated that cyanobacteria were the most dominant phylum. Network analysis showed both intra- and inter-phylum co-occurrence were pervasive, and there were modular structures in the microbial assemblages. The cluster dominated by proteobacteria was mainly negatively connected to the cluster dominated by both proteobacteria and actinobacteria. Cyanobacteria were tightly clustered together and positively connected to these two clusters. The major nitrogen metabolism pathways were glutamine synthetase–glutamate synthase and assimilatory nitrate reduction, indicating the nitrogen was mainly retained in the lake by microbial uptake. Cyanobacteria contributed 43.25% gene reads involved in the overall nitrogen metabolism but mainly contributed to assimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation, aggravating the lake eutrophication. This study adds to our knowledge of microbial assemblages and nitrogen metabolism in the shallow hypereutrophic lake and provided an insight understanding for the purposes of lake ecosystem’s protection and efficient management in the Mongolian Plateau.

     

表面活性剂强化抽出处理含水层中DNAPL污染物的去除特征

为明确表面活性剂强化抽出处理含水层中DNAPL污染物过程中表面活性剂的增强修复效果,及DNAPL自身理化性质和介质孔径的影响,利用数码图像分析技术对1,2-二氯乙烷和四氯乙烯2种DNAPL在石英砂填充的二维砂箱中的抽取迁移过程进行了实验模拟研究,并对抽出水样中DNAPL的浓度进行了测试分析。结果表明,实验条件下加入低浓度(0.18%)的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)大幅提高了对弱透水层截留的2种DNAPL聚集体的抽出处理效率。1,2-二氯乙烷在该表面活性剂溶液中的表观溶解度远高于四氯乙烯,因此其短时间内的绝对去除率更高。SDBS强化抽出处理DNAPL的作用机理以增溶作用为主,而其增流作用使DNAPL迁移流动后分布面积增大,增加了与表面活性剂溶液接触的面积,对增溶作用起到促进效果。细粒介质中DNAPL迁移后的最大分布面积较大,因此体系中DNAPL的溶解速率较高。在DNAPL聚集体质量与水力梯度固定的条件下,油水界面张力越低,DNAPL的密度越大,DNAPL垂向迁移的风险就越大。本研究为修复工程中如何依据DNAPL种类与场地多孔介质的情况选择表面活性剂提供了参考。     

Enhanced reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soil by in-vessel anaerobic composting with zero-valent iron

Anaerobic dechlorination is an effective degradation pathway for higher chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The enhanced reductive dechlorination of PCB-contaminated soil by anaerobic composting with zero-valent iron (ZVI) was studied, and preliminary reasons for the enhanced reductive dechlorination with ZVI were investigated. The results show that the addition of nanoscale ZVI can enhance dechlorination during in-vessel anaerobic composting. After 140 days, the average number of removed Cl per biphenyl with 10 mg g^?1 of added nanoscale ZVI was 0.63, enhancing the dechlorination by 34 % and improving the initial dechlorination speed. The ZVI enhances dechlorination by providing a suitable acid base environment, reducing volatile fatty acid inhibition and stimulating the microorganisms. The C/N ratios for treatments with the highest rate of ZVI addition were smaller than for the control, indicating that ZVI addition can promote compost maturity.     

生物膜法处理硫化铅锌矿尾矿库外排废水简

研究了生物膜法对广东省某硫化铅锌矿尾矿库外排废水的处理效果,探索不同载体,不同COD浓度对生物膜法降解COD的影响。结果表明,高浓度的COD对生物膜法处理选矿废水有影响,在6~13℃的条件下,水力停留时间为2 d时,以50 cm×25 cm×0.4 cm的黏胶材料生物载体作为挂膜载体,处理50 L硫化铅锌矿尾矿库外排废水取得了良好效果,出水COD浓度稳定在40 mg/L左右,出水达到《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准》（GB25466-2010）的要求。     

基于Ti/SnO_2阳极氧化法的典型染料废水电化学氧化规律

采用Ti/SnO2电极间接阳极氧化法处理直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR模拟染料废水,研究电解质种类、pH、电压、NaCl投加量及电解时间对其降解效果的影响;在最佳组合条件下,通过分析UV-Vis光谱以及降解过程中氮元素的存在形式,研究上述2种染料的降解规律。结果表明,在pH为3,电压20 V,NaCl投加量为2.5 g/L的条件下,电解30 min后,直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR的脱色率分别达到80%和95%,60 min后直接深棕M的COD去除率可达75%,活性艳蓝KNR的COD去除率达到90%;电解60 min后,直接深棕M的偶氮双键完全破坏,萘环和苯环结构被逐步降解,活性艳蓝KNR溶液电解2 min,其分子结构中的蒽醌共轭体系被破坏,随反应的进行,蒽醌结构逐渐被破坏,染料逐步降解。     

碳基材料对污水厂尾水和太湖水体中CDOM的吸附特征

采用颗粒活性炭、粉末活性炭和碳纳米管3种典型碳基材料来吸附太湖水和污水厂尾水中的有机物,考察碳基材料对水中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的吸附特征。基于荧光光谱和平行因子分析(PARAFAC),提取出C1(腐殖酸类)、C2(色氨酸类蛋白)和C3(酪氨酸类蛋白)3个PARAFAC荧光组分。粉末活性炭和碳纳米管具有发达的中孔孔隙结构,对水中大分子有机物具有较高的吸附容量,颗粒活性炭微孔结构发达反而不利于吸附水中腐殖酸等大分子有机物。粉末活性炭对水中有机物具有最高的吸附速率,对太湖水中荧光组分C1、C2和C3的吸附速率分别为0.278、0.358和0.359min-1,颗粒活性炭的吸附速率明显低于粉末活性炭和碳纳米管。研究结果揭示了水中复杂混合有机物的吸附特征,为吸附工艺参数的优化提供技术参考。     

不同接种量的微生物秸秆腐熟剂对蔬菜副产物堆肥效果的影响

为了明确不同接种量的微生物秸秆腐熟剂对蔬菜副产物堆肥效果的影响,以玉米秸秆为调理剂,在调节初始物料含水率为63％和C/N为28的条件下,设置了B1(堆肥混合物+1％秸秆腐熟剂)、B2(堆肥混合物+3％秸秆腐熟剂)、B3(堆肥混合物+5％秸秆腐熟剂)和CK(堆肥混合物+3％灭菌惰性载体)4个处理,测定不同堆肥处理对温度、含水率、碳氮比(C/N)、半纤维素、纤维素、木质素、总养分含量、发芽指数等指标的影响.结果表明,蔬菜副产物堆肥接种微生物秸秆腐熟剂均能够使堆肥周期缩短,有效降低堆肥含水率,提高有机质的降解幅度,并且使堆肥中半纤维素、纤维素、木质素降解率分别提高1.03％、1.16％和1.47％;氮磷钾养分含量也比不接种处理平均提高0.48％.4个处理的总体堆肥效果表现为:B2＞B1 ＞B3＞CK.     

Review of efficiencies of cogeneration units using internal combustion engines

The most frequently used technology in cogeneration units up to 10 MWe are internal combustion engines and the majority of the models are up to 500 kWe. There are dozens of reciprocating internal combustion engine–based cogeneration unit manufacturers and more than hundred suppliers in the market. In the article, data from supplier technical specifications of 583 units (34 manufacturers) is collected and analyzed. The authors proposed mathematical relations that show dependence of efficiencies on electric power that can be used for initial feasibility studies. Authors also have showed that value of 0.75 for power-to-heat ratio (proposed by EU Directive 2004/8/EC) does not always correspond to current market situation.