A strategy for aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation under anaerobic conditions and the impacts of ethanol: a microcosm study

Increased use of ethanol-blended gasoline (gasohol) and its potential release into the subsurface have spurred interest in studying the biodegradation of and interactions between ethanol and gasoline components such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) in groundwater plumes. The preferred substrate status and the high biological oxygen demand (BOD) posed by ethanol and its biodegradation products suggests that anaerobic electron acceptors (EAs) will be required to support in situ bioremediation of BTEX. To develop a strategy for aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation and to understand the impacts of ethanol on BTEX biodegradation under strictly anaerobic conditions, a microcosm experiment was conducted using pristine aquifer sand and groundwater obtained from Canadian Forces Base Borden, Canada. The initial electron accepter pool included nitrate, sulfate and/or ferric iron. The microcosms typically contained 400 g of sediment, 600 approximately 800 ml of groundwater, and with differing EAs added, and were run under anaerobic conditions. Ethanol was added to some at concentrations of 500 and 5000 mg/L. Trends for biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons for the Borden aquifer material were first developed in the absence of ethanol, The results showed that indigenous microorganisms could degrade all aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX and trimethylbenzene isomers-TMB) under nitrate- and ferric iron-combined conditions, but not under sulfate-reducing conditions. Toluene, ethylbenzene and m/p-xylene were biodegraded under denitrifying conditions. However, the persistence of benzene indicated that enhancing denitrification alone was insufficient. Both benzene and o-xylene biodegraded significantly under iron-reducing conditions, but only after denitrification had removed other aromatics. For the trimethylbenzene isomers, 1,3,5-TMB biodegradation was found under denitrifying and then iron-reducing conditions. Biodegradation of 1,2,3-TMB or 1,2,4-TMB was slower under iron-reducing conditions. This study suggests that addition of excess ferric iron combined with limited nitrate has promise for in situ bioremediation of BTEX and TMB in the Borden aquifer and possibly for other sites contaminated by hydrocarbons. This study is the first to report 1,2,3-TMB biodegradation under strictly anaerobic condition. With the addition of 500 mg/L ethanol but without EA addition, ethanol and its main intermediate, acetate, were quickly biodegraded within 41 d with methane as a major product. Ethanol initially present at 5000 mg/L without EA addition declined slowly with the persistence of unidentified volatile fatty acids, likely propionate and butyrate, but less methane. In contrast, all ethanol disappeared with repeated additions of either nitrate or ferric iron, but acetate and unidentified intermediates persisted under iron-enhanced conditions. With the addition of 500 mg/L ethanol and nitrate, only minor toluene biodegradation was observed under denitrifying conditions and only after ethanol and acetate were utilized. The higher ethanol concentration (5000 mg/L) essentially shut down BTEX biodegradation likely due to high EA demand provided by ethanol and its intermediates. The negative findings for anaerobic BTEX biodegradation in the presence of ethanol and/or its biodegradation products are in contrast to recent research reported by Da Silva et al. [Da Silva, M.L.B., Ruiz-Aguilar, G.M.L., Alvarez, P.J.J., 2005. Enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX-ethanol mixtures in aquifer columns amended with sulfate, chelated ferric iron or nitrate. Biodegradation. 16, 105-114]. Our results suggest that the apparent conservation of high residual labile carbon as biodegradation products such as acetate makes natural attenuation of aromatics less effective, and makes subsequent addition of EAs to promote in situ BTEX biodegradation problematic.     

Aging activity of DDE in dissimilar rice soils in a greenhouse experiment

A green-house study was conducted in late 2005 to investigate the aging behavior of p,p'-DDE in two types of soil, Hydragric Anthrosols (An) and Hydragric Acrisols (Ac), according to the World Reference Base (WRB) [FAO/ISRIC/ISSS. 1998. World reference base for soil resources. World soil resources reports, Rome. p. 87]. Paddy rice and dry rice were grown in submerged paddy soils and non-submerged upland soils, respectively. The concentration of extractable p,p'-DDE in fresh DDE-spiked soils was 746.2ngg(-1). During the first few weeks of the experiment, the extractability of p,p'-DDE became increasingly low as the aging period prolonged. However, certain amount of p,p'-DDE that had been captured by soil minerals and organic matter (OM) could be released and became extractable in the later period. The extractability of p,p'-DDE in submerged soils was significantly lower than that in non-submerged soil, because flooding could increase the binding of pollutants to soil particles. The plantation of both dry rice and paddy rice slowed down the aging process of p,p'-DDE. After one month's growth of rice, p,p'-DDE bound to soil particles was released and became extractable. The OM and silt content of An are higher than that of Ac, resulting in more bound residues and relative lower extractability of p,p'-DDE in An. In addition, the extractability of p,p'-DDE could be reduced by the addition of rice straw to soils.     

建筑工人不安全行为量化分类研究

建筑工人不安全行为是诱发事故的重要致因,抓住主要特征对其进行科学分类有助于避免因分类随意而模糊各类不安全行为诱发机制和行为规律的差异,是客观识别各类不安全行为的概念、致因和形成机理的基础.为此,运用Hayashi数量化理论和MATLAB对建筑工人不安全行为进行了量化分类.结果表明:不安全行为的频率和意向性是区分不安全行为的代表性行为特征;根据不安全行为在二维平面上的自然分布状态和特征,可将其分为技能偏差型、感知偏差型、习惯偏差型和程序偏差型4类,据此建立了分类框架,并分别提出了"转移风险""体验事故""降低频率""纠正短视需求"的纠偏策略;提出分类对不安全行为具有预测作用.     

心理学的“六字教学法”

本文提出了心理学“六字教学法”即讲、读、练、调、写、论。通过多年试验,结果表明:“六字教学法”不仅能扩大学生的知识量,而且能促进学生能力的发展;有利于主导与主体的统一:有利于课内与课外的结合;有利于坚持启发式,防止注入式。     

建设项目竣工环境保护验收现场监测中应注意的问题

针对建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测中存在的一些疑难问题，分别从废水监测中采样点位的确定和描述及采样时间的确定、清污合总排口的情况下监测点位的确定；厂界噪声监测中测点的选择、背景值的修正与测量、环境敏感点的监测；废气监测中无组织废气监控点的布设、有组织废气采样方法的选择、燃烧性废气监测中过剩系数的影响；验收监测期间的生产工况的确定等方面进行了探讨，提出了一些解决办法。     

内燃机尾气电离放电脱除NOX研究

论及强电离放电非平衡等离子体技术应用于净化内燃机尾气中NOX的研究.分析了强电离放电产生等离子体净化内燃机尾气原理,主要讨论了折合电场强度对NOX脱除率的影响.当折合电场强度达到6.24×104 V/cm时,NO的脱除率达到91%;当折合电场强度达到6.76×104 V/cm时,NOX的总体脱除率达到49.3%的最高水平.     

湖泊和水库中藻类去除方法的研究进展

由于富营养化的影响，在我省少部分湖泊和水库中多次发生因藻类的强烈光合作用而产生的高pH值污染和藻类毒素对饮用水的污染等现象。该文综合了除藻的各种方式以及对环境的污染和对人体健康的影响等多种因素，认为以生物除藻和物理除藻两种方法比较适合我省的实际情况。     

长江苏州段岸线资源利用遥感调查与GIS分析评价

了解岸线资源利用现状,科学、合理地评价岸线资源条件是实施沿江开发战略、建立沿江基础产业带、科学合理地确定沿江产业布局的前提和基础。利用高分辨率卫星影像,通过影像融合,快速发现目标靶区,精确确定岸线占用单位的空间位置与几何形状;运用GIS分析技术,弄清长江岸线江苏段的资源与利用现状,选取科学合理的评价单元,对研究区内的岸线资源进行评价,为长江岸线苏州段的合理利用与开发提供重要的参考依据。     

长江三角洲近50年耕地数量变化的过程与驱动机制研究

长江三角洲是中国人口最密集、经济增长最快和土地集约化利用程度最高的地区之一,经济快速发展加剧的人地矛盾已经成为区域可持续发展面临的一个重要问题。论文利用近50年耕地长序列统计资料和近5年的土地详查与变更数据,研究揭示了长江三角洲高强度土地开发的特征和近50年耕地数量变化的基本过程及其空间差异,并初步探讨了耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子及其作用。研究表明,近50年来,长江三角洲地区耕地数量呈现明显的波动减少趋势,经历了由增加→急剧减少→缓慢减少→快速减少的基本变化过程,其中分别在1958～1963年、1985年前后和1993年前后出现了三次明显的耕地流失高峰,其形成机制主要是政策、经济发展和人口增长的驱动。