“8·29”充装台充装现场氧气瓶爆炸事故原因分析

介绍了较为少见的充装台充装过程中氧气瓶爆炸事故,描述了事故爆炸后的现场。对爆炸气瓶碎片进行化学成分分析、机械性能、金相试验、内壁附着物化学成分分析和能谱分析。通过分析认定,由于误操作油脂混进氧气瓶,高压氧气和油脂接触发生剧烈的自燃氧化放热,使瓶内的氧气迅速升温升压,超出气瓶承压极限导致气瓶爆炸。结合工作经验,提出要严格气瓶充装前的检验,加强气瓶使用和经销单位的安全监管等防范措施和建议,对氧气瓶的安全管理具有参考价值和实际意义。     

多场耦合作用下瓦斯与煤自燃协同预防数值模拟

为解决某综放面采用顶板巷与上隅角联合抽采方式可能引起的煤自燃及瓦斯爆炸等重大安全隐患问题,采用数值模拟从瓦斯、氧气体积分数分布特点和温度场角度综合分析合理顶板巷位置与抽采流量,为协同预防瓦斯和煤自燃复合灾害提供指导。结果表明:抽采口、上隅角瓦斯体积分数随抽采流量增加而降低;抽采流量100m3/min是影响氧化带宽度变化幅度的拐点;抽采流量对采空区最高温度的影响较大,对高温范围宽度影响较小;综合确定合理顶板巷位置为内错回风巷15 m,合理抽采流量为100~150 m~3/min;现场应用表明该方案既能解决瓦斯超限问题,又能有效控制煤自燃威胁,表明数值模拟具有较好的可靠性。     

An Avoidable Tragedy at the Sea Cliff (Rincon) Oil Field

Three men were killed and four others were injured during a well drill operation on Hobson Well C-10A in the Sea Cliff Oil Field (also known as Rincon Oil Field), in Ventura County, California, United States, on August 10, 1994, as a result of errors made by the work supervisors at the site. The oil field was under management by Vintage Petroleum, Ltd., which was sued for negligence by the families of the deceased and injured. The coroner's autopsy examination concluded that the cause of the deaths was due to the inhalation of the toxic gas carbon monoxide (CO). This gas was assumed to have been released from the firing of high-energy guns (HEGs) using carbon-rich explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) in an oxygen-depleted environment, during a fracking operation by Schlumberger Corporation on Well C-10A. The author of this article was appointed as an expert witness by Schlumberger to evaluate if the coroner's conclusion was correct. A series of chemical analytical analyses were conducted on the vapor phase of samples, in addition to dissolved components in water from Well C-10A and two adjacent wells. Stable isotope analyses were also conducted on hydrogen (H₂), methane (CH₄), nitrogen (N₂), CO, and water (H₂O) 3 weeks after the accident, as well as on four additional occasions from September to December 1994. Control test analyses were performed on the products from HEG firings, using the same explosives as those used in the perforation of Well C-10A in control chambers at a Schlumberger facility in Houston, Texas. The conclusion reached was that the dominant products of PETN detonations are H₂, CH₄, CO, and N₂. However, the isotope ratios (D/H and ¹³C/¹²C) of methane in the control experiments were different in Well C-10A, following the detonation on August 10, 1994, than those resulting from controlled PETN explosions. The conclusion reached in this study was that the fracking of the well at a depth of around 2,150 ft had increased the permeability of the sediment layers in the Padres Zone at that depth to allow the rapid release of a large quantity of natural gas, primarily CH₄, which supersaturated the water in the well. This event caused the formation of a large bubble, which ballooned out of the well to the surface, displacing air in the location where the men were working, and thus causing asphyxiation, which resulted in the death of the three men. The judge accepted this interpretation.     

On the subjective experience and correlates of downtime at work: A mixed‐method examination

In the current paper, we studied downtime at work. Downtime represents a unique aspect of work time, as employees have low workload and more discretion about their activities but are still paid to be at work. Despite its prevalence and potentially significant implications for productivity and well‐being, the experience of downtime has not been a focus in the literature. To study this phenomenon, we first used a qualitative method involving 15 focus groups. Results from 95 employees showed that downtime is distinct from formal breaks and withdrawal behavior and is generally a negative subjective experience. Categories of antecedents of experience and downtime activities were classified. Next, to further explore the phenomenon, and based on Study 1 and relevant literature, we proposed several hypotheses and tested them using an experience sampling method. Results from 86 employees (across 5 workdays and 689 data points) indicated that the amount of downtime was negatively related to day level job satisfaction, job performance, and subjective health. The duration of relaxation activities during downtime mitigated the negative effects of downtime on fatigue. The effects of enjoyment level of the activities, job autonomy, work engagement, and boredom proneness were also examined. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed.     

Characterization of barnacle (Balanus eburneus and B. cenatus ) adhesive proteins

Cements from two species of barnacles, Balanuseburneus Gould and Balanus crenatus Bruguiére, were analyzed to identify the number and nature of proteins present. B. crenatus cement was composed mainly of a small peptide cross-linked into aggregates ranging in size from ˜ 3 kD to 40–50 kD. These aggregates could be reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) but only after incubation at 40 °C for 12 to 24 h and only when the cement was recently formed. Reductive alkylation of cysteine residues with 4-vinylpyridine produced a water-soluble peptide of less than 5 kD. By comparison, the cement of B. eburneus could be dissolved only partially in SDS and 2-ME when heated at 100 °C for 10 min. Five major proteins were identified by SDS-PAGE: 7, 22, 36 and 58 kD bands for which N-terminal sequence and amino acid compositions are presented; and a 52 kD band for which sequence data are given. A minor protein band of ˜ 80 kD has the same N-terminus as the 36 kD band. CNBr digests of individual proteins produced peptides for which sequence and composition data are also presented. The study was conducted during 1993 to 1995. In general, the proteins identified from B. crenatus cement are similar to those characterized from B. eburneus, and they are different in composition and sequence than those previously reported from Mytilus edulis. Received: 7 August 1996 / Accepted: 8 October 1996     

Dispersal per recruit: an efficient method for assessing sustainability in marine reserve networks.

Marine reserves are an increasingly important tool for the management of marine ecosystems around the world. However, the effects of proposed marine reserve configurations on sustainability and yield of populations are typically not estimated because of the computational intensity of direct simulation and uncertainty in larval dispersal and density-dependent recruitment. Here we develop a method for efficiently assessing a marine reserve configuration for persistence and yield of a population with sedentary adults and dispersing larvae. The method extends the familiar sustainability criteria of individual replacement for single populations based on eggs-per-recruit (EPR) to spatially distributed populations with sedentary adults, a dispersing larval phase, and limited carrying capacity in the settlement-recruit relationship. We refer to this approach as dispersal-per-recruit (DPR). In some cases, a single DPR calculation, based on the assumption that post-settlement habitat is saturated (i.e., at maximum recruitment), is sufficient to determine population persistence, while in other cases further iterative calculations are required. These additional calculations reach an equilibrium more rapidly than a full simulation of age- or size-structured populations. From the DPR result, fishery yield can be computed from yield-per-recruit (YPR) at each point. We assess the utility of DPR calculations by applying them to single reserves, uniformly distributed systems of reserves, and randomly sized and spaced systems of reserves on a linear coastline. We find that for low levels of EPR in fished areas (e.g., 10% or less of the natural, unfished EPR when post-settlement habitats are saturated by 35% of natural settlement), a single DPR calculation is sufficient to determine persistence of the population. We also show that, in uniform systems of reserves with finite reserve size, maximal fisheries yield occurs when the density of reserves is such that all post-settlement habitat is nearly saturated with settlers. Finally, we demonstrate the application of this approach to a realistic proposed marine reserve configuration.     

Genetic monogamy in the common loon (Gavia immer)

We conducted behavioral observations and genetic analysis on breeding pairs of common loons in the upper Great Lakes region from 1993 through 1995 to look for behavioral evidence of extrapair copulations (EPCs) and to determine parentage of young. Pairs remained close to each other (usually within 20 m) during the pre-laying period, leaving little opportunity for EPCs to occur. Males and females both maintained physical proximity by approaching each other when they became separated. Copulations were obvious but infrequent, occurring about once every other day during the pre-laying period. Multilocus DNA fingerprinting was consistent with behavioral findings: 58 young from 47 different families were all genetic offspring of parents that raised them. Perfect genetic monogamy (genetic parentage of young by parents that rear them) in loons might arise as a consequence of the need for vigorous territorial defense to prevent territorial takeover. Received: 8 August 1996 / Accepted after revision: 22 March 1997     

Some factors affecting the colonization of a dredged channel

Standing crop, population size, and species diversity of the macrobenthic organisms in an estuarine channel were studied before and after dredging. A new suction-corer which sampled an area 0.1 m² to a depth of 30 cm was used in order to insure the inclusion of large, deep-dwelling animals. Eleven months after dredging, biomass and number of species and specimens had not recovered to pre-dredging levels. Colonization began with relatively large, swiftly moving forms such as the errant polychaete Nereis succinea and the crab Neopanope texana sayi. Stations in silt and mud regions recovered more slowly than those in sandier sediments. Most of the dominant and subdominant species had not recovered 11 months after dredging, and the previously abundant polychaetes Notomastus latericeus and Clymenella torquata had virtually disappeared. Only relatively uncommon lamellibranchs such as Tellina agilis, Lyonsia hyalina and Mulinia lateralis increased after dredging. Distribution of sediment types changed as the result of modified tidal velocities in the channel. Mud and silt were removed by the dredge, exposing the sand underneath, and sandy stations became muddier as the result of lowered current velocities. Marked changes in species composition reflected this change in sediment character. Eleven months after dredging no evidence of succession was found, but colonization had begun. Values of all three parameters studied were reduced to small fractions of pre-dredging levels, although species diversity in sandy sediments exceeded pre-dredging levels.     

城市绿化中选择净化空气的植物配植

文章叙述了在城市绿化中选择净化空气的植物配植的方法、原则，介绍了几种对大气污染吸收净化能力强的植物种类，和室内选择净化空气的花草。     

北运河上游合流制管网溢流污染特性研究

以北运河沙河水库周边合流制管网为研究对象,选取浊度为主要指示指标,通过监测典型溢流排口,考察了2019年4次合流制管网溢流污染物的变化过程,研究了降雨事件之间的干旱天数和降雨强度对溢流污染的影响,并分析浊度和典型污染物之间的相关性.结果表明,汛期降雨强度较大、历时较长,是溢流事件发生的主要时期.当单场次累积降雨量达到15 mm和单场次平均降雨强度达到1.4 mm·h^-1时,溢流开始发生.其中,4月24日（第一次溢流）和汛期7月22日（干旱天数为23 d,降雨强度最强）的初期溢流污染最为严重,这两次溢流污水中TN、TP、TCOD都与浊度显著相关（p<0.01）;5月26日（非汛期典型降雨）的溢流污染物与浊度相关性不显著（p>0.05）,污染负荷较低.这说明北运河上游沙河水库周边合流制管网溢流污染主要受降雨强度和干旱天数的影响.因此,以年总溢流污染负荷为控制目标时,应优先控制年度初次溢流和主汛期初次溢流的初期溢流污染.