垃圾填埋场恶臭气体的指纹谱

为研究垃圾填埋场恶臭污染排放现状,采用GC-MS方法分析研究了天津某垃圾填埋场春、夏季节不同采样点臭气中物质组成及主要组分含量.在所采集的样品中定量分析了111种物质,从中筛选21种物质并根据其归一化浓度值建立了各采样点的指纹谱图.结合物质嗅阈值和指纹谱分析,初步识别了各采样点的典型恶臭污染物,垃圾倾倒区包括硫化氢、甲苯、二甲二硫醚、甲硫醚、乙苯;填埋区包括甲苯、二硫化碳、乙醇、乙苯、乙酸乙酯;填埋气包括甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、甲硫醚.根据物质谱相似性分析,下风向恶臭物质组成主要受填埋区中恶臭污染物的影响.     

Fe-pillared bentonite,a stable Fenton catalyst for treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater

Fe-pillared bentonite (Fe-Bent) was prepared by ion exchange as heterogeneous catalyst for degradation of organic contaminants in petroleum refinery wastewater. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the existence of α-Fe₂O₃. The effects of pH, H₂O₂ concentration, and catalyst dosage on the rate of lowering the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were investigated in detail. Removal efficiency of COD can be up to 92% under the following conditions: dosage of Fe-Bent 7 g L^?1, pH value 3, and H₂O₂ concentration 10 mmol L^?1. Fe-Bent showed good stability for the degradation of organics in petroleum refinery wastewater for five cycles. The adsorption of organics in wastewater onto Fe-Bent could be well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

Effects of riparian land use on water quality and fish communities in the headwater stream of the Taizi River in China

Riparian land use remains one of the most significant impacts on stream ecosystems. This study focuses on the relationship between stream ecosystems and riparian land use in headwater regions. Four riparian land types including forest, grassland, farmland, and residential land were examined to reveal the correlation between stream water and fish communities in headwater streams of the Taizi River in north-eastern China. Four land types along riparian of 3 km in length were evaluated at 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 m widths, respectively. Generally, the results found a significant relationship between riparian land uses and stream water quality. Grassland was positively correlated with water quality parameters (conductivity and total dissolved solids) at scales from 100 to 500 m riparian width. Farmland and residential land was negatively correlated with water quality parameters at scales from 25 to 500 m and from 50 to 200 m riparian widths, respectively. Although the riparian forest is important for maintaining habitat diversity and fish communities, the results found that only fish communities were significantly correlated with the proportion of riparian farmland. Farmland had a positive correlation with individual fish abundance within a riparian corridor of 25 to 50 m, but a negative correlation with fish diversity metrics from 25 to 100 m. This study indicates that effective riparian management can improve water quality and fish communities in headwater streams.     

有机氮对大亚湾亚历山大藻种群生长的促进作用

2008年1~12月对大亚湾澳头养殖海域溶解有机氮(DON)组成、含量与亚历山大藻种群动态进行了周年调查,同步监测了无机营养盐、水温、盐度等主要环境因子.结果显示,大亚湾澳头海域DON水平4~6月较高,最大值达21.27μmolN/L,其余月份较低,全年平均浓度为7.44μmolN/L.尿素是DON的重要组分,全年平均浓度为1.98μmolN/L,约占DON的20%~30%.可溶性游离氨基酸(DFAA)波动较大,介于1~5μmolN/L.4~6月亚历山大藻种群维持较高密度.4月21日澳头海域发生亚历山大藻水华,最高细胞密度达到3319cells/mL.DON和尿素浓度高峰与亚历山大藻密度高峰同步出现,水华消散后DON和尿素浓度分别大幅下降至高峰期的23.84%和62.86%.统计结果显示,表征有机污染程度的DON、尿素和CODMn与亚历山大藻种群密度具有显著正相关关系(p<0.05).DON含量的增加能够促进亚历山大藻的生长,并在温度、盐度等环境条件适宜的情况下可能成为赤潮暴发的重要诱因.     

移动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水的研究

通过小试规模的移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理陕西科技大学污水处理厂生活污水的实验研究,探讨了水力停留时间、冲击负荷、pH对反应器处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,在HRT为10 h,进水ρ(COD)为300 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为35 mg/L,填料体积填充率为35%,pH为7左右时,MBBR反应器对COD、TN的去除率分别为87.38%、68%。     

深床过滤颗粒截留机理研究

对深床过滤过程中颗粒物与滤料之间的相互作用进行了理论分析,讨论了两者间的相互作用及影响因素对微絮凝深床过滤进行了中试研究,考察了1～l0μm粒径颗粒在500cm滤床中的截留情况,并连续65h监测滤柱水头损失的变化;在滤速为24m/h情况下,计算了1～10μm粒径颗粒所受的水流剪切力;利用理论分析,分别讨论了表面电位为-25mV及-125mV、粒径为1～10μm的颗粒与滤料之间的物理化学作用力.理论计算值对实验结果进行了很好的解释,说明可以通过颗粒与滤料间的作用力分析来研究均质滤料深床过滤运行规律.     

不同短程硝化系统中微生物群落结构的对比分析

为探讨有机碳源对短程硝化系统中微生物群落结构的影响,采用构建克隆文库的方法对模拟无机城市生活污水和模拟实际城市生活污水短程硝化系统中的微生物群落结构进行对比分析.实验结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和未培养菌(uncultured bacterium)是两系统中的优势菌群.两系统中的菌群结构存在差异,但优势菌群及其所占比例相似.两系统中的主要脱氮菌类群也相似,但由于有机碳源浓度的不同其菌属及比例有所差异.无机短程硝化系统中的脱氮菌群包括亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)和Denitratisoma,其中自养硝化菌的比例高于其在有机短程硝化系统中的比例,但仍低于异养菌在该系统中的比例.有机短程硝化系统中的脱氮菌群主要包括β-Proteobacteria中的一些反硝化细菌和亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),其中亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)的含量很少.     

珠三角干季海陆风特征及其对空气质量影响的观测

通过2004年10月在珠江三角洲（以下简称“珠三角”）开展大气边界层观测试验得到的垂直风温资料和逐时PM_2.5浓度资料,利用局地环流指数（RF）等方法研究了珠三角海陆风特征及其对空气质量的影响.结果表明：局地环流指数是表征局地大气输送能力的有效指标;冷暖气团对峙导致珠三角污染日背景风场较弱,沿海海陆风活动活跃,空气质量指数与RF系数相关性颇高,珠三角沿海100~400m处RF系数值主要分布在0.5~0.8之间;在海陆风影响下低层风场的有效输送能力较弱,不利于污染物的输送扩散.而随着冷空气全面控制珠三角,垂直风场RF系数值高达0.9以上,海陆风难以发展,风场输送能力强,能够持续的将污染物输送出去.观测发现沿海观测点试验期间海陆风发生频率约为47.8%,其中72.7%的海陆风日出现了污染天气,海陆风日地面风向呈现出明显的随时间顺时针偏转特征,海风约从16：00时开始出现,并在20：00达到最大影响高度约为600~800m.夜间海风将污染物输送回内陆观测点,导致内陆PM_2.5浓度在19：00~21：00时出现浓度峰值,呈现出明显的双峰结构.     

Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of metals in the river sediments from Dan River Drainage,China

This study investigates the partitioning of metals in surface sediments from the Dan River drainage basin, the source of drinking water for the South to North Water Transfer Project, China, to determine their bioavailability and associated levels of risk. Sediment samples were collected from 99 sites along the Dan River, and the concentration of each element fraction was determined using sequential extraction and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The residual fraction was the major phase for most metals sampled. Among the non-residual fractions, greater proportions of Zn, Mn and Cd were transported in in the available phase, whereas Ba, Sb, Pb and As were mainly found in the reducible phase. The oxidisable phase was important for the transport of Ni, Co, Cr and Cu in sediments. This analysis of sediments from the Dan River basin indicates a very high risk of pollution from Cd, Co, Mn, Sb and Zn. Combined with the sediments with extremely high concentrations, the Dan, Laoguan and Yinhua rivers, which have been affected by ore-mining activities, pose a very high risk to the surrounding areas and should be the subject of future studies.     

桂林尧山地区20年生桉树林土壤呼吸昼夜变化特征

以桂林尧山地区20年生桉树林为研究对象,于2013年1—11月,分春、夏、秋和冬4个季节对土壤呼吸速率及环境因子日变化进行24 h的动态监测。结果表明:(1)20年生桉树林土壤呼吸具有明显日变化特征,呈单峰或双峰曲线形式。4季土壤呼吸速率均在17:00—19:00达最大值,在次日05:00—09:00达最小值。白天土壤呼吸速率变化较大,夜间变化较小;(2)4个季节土壤总呼吸速率之间存在显著差异(P0.05),从大到小依次为夏、春、秋和冬季,自养呼吸贡献率从大到小依次为春、冬、夏和秋季;(3)土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率与土壤温度均呈显著正相关关系(P0.01),土壤温度分别可解释土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸变化的64.18%、15.43%和83.58%;(4)土壤总呼吸、自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率与土壤含水量间呈显著正相关关系(P0.01),土壤含水量在一定范围内对土壤呼吸起促进作用。