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31.
Marco De Liguoro Barbara Fioretto Carlo Poltronieri Guglielmo Gallina 《Chemosphere》2009,75(11):1519-1524
Sulfonamides (SAs), the oldest chemotherapeutic agents used for antimicrobial therapy, still play an important role in veterinary mass treatments. Consequently, traces of these compounds, alone or in combinations, have been repeatedly detected in the environment. Sulfamethazine (SMZ) deserves particular attention not only because it is the most used veterinary SA, but also due to its proven effects on fertility in mice and on thyroid hormone homeostasis in rats. In this study, after evaluating the acute toxicity to Daphnia magna of six veterinary SAs and trimethoprim (TMP), the additivity of SMZ to each other compound was tested using the isobologram method. Two reproduction tests on the same biological model were also performed in order to derive LOEC and NOEC of SMZ. The acute EC50 was in the range 131–270 mg L−1 for all the compounds tested with the exception of sulfaguanidine (EC50 = 3.86 mg L−1). In acute binary tests SMZ showed a complex interaction with sulfaquinoxaline (superadditivity, additivity or subadditivity) at the three different combination ratios tested, simple additivity to TMP and less than additive interaction when paired to the other SAs. LOEC and NOEC of SMZ obtained from reproduction tests were 3.125 and 1.563 mg L−1, respectively. In conclusion, SMZ should not harm the crustacean population at environmentally realistic concentrations. Its toxicity is comparable to that of other systemic SAs, and their binary interactions are less than additive. The same can not be entirely said for enteric SAs, and considering that these compounds are administered at high doses and mostly excreted in unmetabolised form, further evaluation of their impact to the aquatic environment seems advisable. 相似文献
32.
Montoneri E Boffa V Savarino P Tambone F Adani F Micheletti L Gianotti C Chiono R 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(1):383-389
A compost isolated humic acid-like (cHAL) material was pointed out in previous work for its potential as auxiliary in chemical technology. Its potential is based on its relatively low 0.4gL(-1) critical micellar concentration (cmc) in water, which enables cHAL to enhance the water solubility of hydrophobic substances, like phenanthrene, when used at higher concentrations than 0.4gL(-1). This material could be obtained from a 1:1 v/v mixture of municipal solid and lignocellulosic wastes composted for 15 days. The compost, containing 69.3% volatile solids, 39.6% total organic C and 21C/N ratio, was extracted for 24h at 65 degrees C under N2 with aqueous 0.1molL(-1) NaOH and 0.1molL(-1) Na4P2O7, and the solution was acidified to separate the precipitated cHAL in 12% yield from soluble carbohydrates and other humic and non-humic substances. In this work two typical applications of surfactants, i.e., textile dyeing (TD) and soil remediation by washing (SW), were chosen as grounds for testing the performance of the cHAL biosurfactant against the one of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), which is a well established commercial synthetic surfactant. The TD trials were carried out with nylon 6 microfiber and a water insoluble dye, while the SW tests were performed with two soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) for several decades. Performances were rated in the TD experiments based on the fabric colour intensity (DeltaE) and uniformity (sigmaDeltaE), and in the SW experiments based on the total hydrocarbons concentration (CWPAH) and on the residual surfactant (Cre) concentrations in the washing solution equilibrated with the contaminated soils. The results show that both cHAL and SDS exhibit enhanced performance when applied above their cmc values. However, while in the TD case a significant performance effect was observed at the surfactants cmc value, in the SW case the required surfactants concentration values were equivalent to 25-125xcmc for cHAL and to 4-22xcmc for SDS. The vis-a-vis comparison of the two surfactants gave the following results: in the TD case the cHAL biosurfactant at 0.4gL(-1) yields good colour intensity and equal colour uniformity as SDS at 5gL(-1), in the SW case cHAL was found to enhance CWPAH by a factor of 2-4 relative to SDS with one soil, whereas with the other soil the two surfactants behaved similarly. The Cre data, however, showed that both soils absorbed by far more SDS (68-95%) than cHAL (12-54%). The results point out intriguing technological and environmental perspectives deriving from the use of compost isolated biosurfactants in the place of synthetic surfactants. 相似文献
33.
Collivignarelli C Tharnpoophasiam P Vaccari M De Felice V Di Bella V Mingkwan R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,147(1-3):191-198
University of Brescia and Mahidol University of Bangkok developed a project in Phang Nga province (Thailand), the most damaged by 2004 tsunami. In particular, the study, performed between April and May 2006, dealt with the surface and ground water monitoring in Ban Nam Khem village and the experimental evaluation of possible drinking treatment alternatives. The monitoring highlighted that saline content in the tsunami affected area is decreasing but still very high (conductivity presented values up to 2,600 and 6,230 microS/cm in ground and surface water, respectively); hence, advanced and complicated processes such as reverse osmosis should be adopted to treat such water for drinking purposes. Waiting for ground water salinity to assume acceptable values, activities for the reduction of its organic and microbiological contamination will be started. However, it has to be underlined that the diffusion of drinking water to a greater part of population can be obtained only through the realization of new centralised treatment plants and the improvement of existing ones (serving at the moment about 20% of inhabitants). 相似文献
34.
Estimation of the contribution of a municipal waste incinerator to the overall emission and human intake of PCBs in Wilrijk, Flanders 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The contribution of the emission of PCBs by a municipal waste incinerator in Wilrijk, a relatively industrialized district in the largest city of Flanders, to the total emission to air and to the total human intake was estimated. Therefore it was compared to the emission of PCBs by evaporation from PCB containing applications (transformers, capacitors, paint, ink, etc.) and to the intake of PCBs with food. As there was a lack of PCB data from the incinerator, the PCB emission concentration was estimated using three different approaches. A PCB measurement of the incinerator emission, performed later on, fell within the predicted range of 0.0004-0.005 ng TEQ/Nm3. Emission of PCBs from PCB containing applications and intake from food were deduced from information available on Flemish and European level. The results indicate a PCB contribution from the incinerator to local emissions between 0.3% and 3% of the emission from PCB containing applications and a contribution to human intake less than 6 x 10(-4)% of the intake from food. 相似文献
35.
Elisabetta B. Morello Carlo Froglia R. James A. Atkinson P. Geoffrey Moore 《Marine Biology》2006,149(2):401-413
Hydraulic dredging targeting the bivalve Chamelea gallina in the northern and central Adriatic Sea has been taking place for over 30 years. In the period 2000–2001, 73 commercial dredgers harvested the resource within the sandy coastal area of the Ancona Maritime District (central Adriatic Sea). Despite this, no study aimed at investigating the impact of the fishery on the macrobenthic community of the area has ever been carried out. Sampling was done at 6 monthly intervals in an attempt to relate the impact of hydraulic dredging to different levels of fishing intensity. Data regarding two depth strata (4–6; 7–10 m) were analysed separately by means of permutational multivariate analysis of variance. The results revealed an overall condition of moderate disturbance within the benthic community, especially so within the 4–6 m depth stratum. The response of the benthic community to varying intensities of fishing activity was rapid, occurring within 6 months. Differences in the response of benthic community to differing intensities of fishing activity were found between the two depth strata considered. Significant differences in multivariate location of the benthic community were revealed between the three disturbance levels in both depth strata. Differences in multivariate dispersion were detected above a threshold level of fishing intensity, only within the shallow community. Differences were found between depth strata relating to species diversity and evenness, with significant differences between levels of fishing intensity being evident only within the 4–6 m depth stratum. The results emphasised that, even in a benthic community that is typical of a moderately disturbed environment, the effects of fishing on community structure were still discernible over and above the natural variation. 相似文献
36.
Anna Da Pozzo Carlo Merli Ignasi Sirés José Antonio Garrido Rosa María Rodríguez Enric Brillas 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2005,3(1):7-11
Here we demonstrate that an aqueous solution of the herbicide amitrole can be completely depolluted at pH 3.0 by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton process. Anodic oxidation gives faster degradation with a boron-doped diamond anode than with a Pt anode. Electro-Fenton with a Pt anode and 1 mmol l –1 Fe2+ as catalyst yields the quickest depollution. Amitrole decay always follows a pseudo first-order reaction. NO3– and NH4+ are accumulated in the medium during mineralization, although volatile N-products are also formed. These environmentally friendly electrochemical treatments could be applied to the remediation of wastewaters containing amitrole. 相似文献
37.
Giorgio Dinelli Carlo Borgatti Massimo Rea 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):242-248
The main characteristics of the electrostatic collection of fuel oil ash has been investigated at a pilot precipitator installed in a laboratory rig. The relationship between collection efficiency, dust concentration and air velocity is studied and the influence of the spacing between the collection plates on both efficiency and effective migration velocity is discussed. Emphasis is put on the high degrees of efficiency attainable under suitable operating conditions. 相似文献
38.
39.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - 相似文献
40.
Valente Tommaso Ventura Daniele Matiddi Marco Sbrana Alice Silvestri Cecilia Piermarini Raffaella Jacomini Carlo Costantini Maria Letizia 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(1):298-309
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microplastic pollution is one of the greatest environmental concerns for contemporary times and the future. In the last years, the number of... 相似文献