基于环剪试验的四方碑滑坡滑带土残余强度空间差异性和稳定性分析

水库滑坡因受库水位变化的影响,不同空间位置滑带土的含水率不同,滑带土残余强度也存在空间差异性,使用统一的滑带土残余强度难以准确计算滑坡的稳定性系数。以四方碑滑坡滑带土为研究对象,通过环剪试验分析了不同含水率和不同法向应力作用下滑带土的残余强度特性,结合滑坡渗流模拟结果对滑带土残余强度的空间差异性进行了分区,并计算了在175 m和145 m库水位条件下滑坡的稳定性。结果表明:不同含水率的滑带土试样,其残余强度与法向应力都呈现较好的线性关系,符合Mohr-Coulomb准则;随着滑带土含水率的增加,其残余黏聚力和残余内摩擦角都减小,且滑带土的残余内摩擦角与含水率之间呈现良好的负指数关系;基于滑带土分区的滑坡稳定性计算结果与通过野外调查得到的滑坡稳定性现状相符,说明本文方法具有可靠性。     

京津冀区域重污染期间PM2.5垂直分布及输送

2016年12月17～19日重污染期间,在天津市武清区高村开展车载系留气球颗粒物浓度垂直观测,并以观测数据为基础,计算了区域内PM_(2.5)传输通量.结果表明重污染过程期间,大气混合层较低,约200 m左右,PM_(2.5)浓度垂直分布特征与混合层高度密切相关,混合层以下,PM_(2.5)浓度较高,垂直变化特征不显著,形成明显的污染层,混合层以上,PM_(2.5)浓度迅速降低并维持在降低水平.观测期间,粒径小于1. 0μm颗粒物浓度较高,粒径大于2. 2μm颗粒物浓度较低,近地层粒径为0. 777μm颗粒物浓度最高.颗粒物浓度粒径谱分布与相对湿度和混合层高度相关,高湿度和低混合层下颗粒物浓度粒径谱分布较宽泛.观测期间,PM_(2.5)在西南方向上的传输通量最高,占总传输通量的63. 3%,其中46～156 m和156～296 m高度之间PM_(2.5)传输通量最高.近地面300 m内PM_(2.5)传输主要以西南方向传输为主,300 m以上传输方向较分散.     

贵州丹寨汞矿土壤汞含量的变化趋势

在自然条件下,尽管汞在土壤中相对较稳定,但对丹寨汞矿区土壤中汞含量检测表明:土壤中汞含量自1996年以来有相当大的减少。笔者认为,导致此结果的原因可能是土壤中汞在物理化学的影响下大部分转化为单质并向大气中迁移。但最近和将来一段时间,由于受汞价上涨的影响,小规模土法炼汞又会给当地环境再次造成新一轮的污染。建议对造成环境污染的工矿企业进行严格的管理。     

炼化浓盐水处理与资源化工艺探讨＊

炼化污水深度处理回用是各炼化企业节水减排的主要措施之一。炼化企业反渗透(简称RO)污水脱盐回用装置在运行中暴露出末端高含盐污水的处置难题,影响了污水回用生产的连续运行。文章阐述近年来炼化企业高含盐污水处置现状、存在问题、国内外处理技术及发展趋势,在此基础上针对炼化企业特点,提出以热法、膜法为核心技术的浓盐水处理工艺耦合方案,为炼化企业解决污水回用瓶颈技术难题、实施污水"零排放"与发展循环经济提供借鉴与参考。     

环境监测数据异常值的判定及处置

准确、可靠的环境监测数据是环境管理的重要现实依据，因此正确鉴别和处理异常数据是环境监测工作中的关键环节。简述了环境监测异常数据的类型和产生的原因，对异常监测数据的处理措施进行了分析。提出，应建立健全环境监测质量管理体系、重视现场采样的信息化管理、正确填写监测原始记录和加强监测数据的审核。     

石油降解菌XD-1产表面活性剂的性能

从含油废水中筛选分离到1株原油降解菌XD-1,鉴定为假单胞菌（Pseuomonas sp.）.初步实验表明菌XD-1具有较强的产表面活性剂乳化原油的作用,对该菌的产表面活性剂性能进行了研究.实验证明,菌XD-1所产表面活性剂为脂肽类物质,菌在生长对数期产表面活性剂,表面活性剂的产生为生长相关型;充足的碳源是产表面活性剂的必需条件,菌利用原油为碳源时能持续大量地产表面活性剂;原油和尿素为产表面活性剂的最适碳源和氮源,菌XD-1产表面活性剂的最佳营养培养基组成为葡萄糖10 g,尿素4 g,磷酸二氢钾1 g,微量元素液4 mL,水1 L,pH 8.0.     

Kinetic studies of the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene

Rate coefficients are reported for the gas-phase reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with C2HCl3 (k(1)) and C2Cl4 (k2) over an extended temperature range at 740+/-10 Torr in a He bath gas. These absolute rate measurements were accomplished using a laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence (LP/LIF) technique under slow flow conditions. The simple Arrhenius equation adequately describes the low temperature data for k1 (<650 K) and the entire data set for k2 and is given by (in units of cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1)): k1(291 - 650 K) = (9.73+/-1.15) x 10(-13) exp (158.7+/-44.0)/T, k2(293 - 720 K ) = (1.53+/-0.14) x 10(-12) exp (-688.2+/-67.5)/T. Error limits are 2sigma values. The room temperature values for k1 and k2 are within +/-2sigma of previous data using different techniques. The Arrhenius activation energies for k1 and k2 are a factor of 2-3 lower than previously reported values. The experimental measurements for both k1 and k2 in conjunction with transition state and variation transition state theory calculations infer an OH addition mechanism. The lack of a measurable kinetic isotope effect for k1 is consistent with this mechanism. Insight into the subsequent reactions of the chemically activated intermediate are presented in the form of potential energy diagrams derived from ab initio calculations.     

垃圾渗滤液特性分析及Fenton预处理研究

利用Fenton—混凝沉淀法预处理广西某垃圾焚烧发电厂和垃圾填埋场的垃圾渗滤液,对Fenton试剂以及混凝沉淀进行了单因素分析,分别研究了垃圾渗滤液在不同的n[Fe2+]/n[H2O2]、H2O2投加量、FeSO4投加量、pH值、反应时间、PAC投加量等条件下的处理效果。结果表明:垃圾渗滤液经Fenton—混凝预处理,对COD、色度、SS处理效果好,对NH3—N去除效果不明显;渗滤液的可生化性有所提高,可进行后续生化处理。     

Microbial responses to the use of NaClO in sediment treatment

• Chlorine addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN from the sediment. • Chlorine has a long-term negative effect on microbial richness. • Usually enzymes lose activity, and expression of genes was downregulated. • Carbon degradation and nitrification might be strongly inhibited. Chlorine is often used in algal removal and deodorization of landscape waters, and occasionally used as an emergency treatment of heavily polluted sediments. However, the ecological impact of this practice has not been fully studied and recognized. In this study, NaClO at 0.1 mmol/g based on dry weight sediment was evenly mixed into the polluted sediment, and then the sediment was incubated for 150 days to evaluate its microbial effect. Results showed that NaClO addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN, Cr and Cu from the sediment. The microbial richness in the examined sediment decreased continuously, and the Chao1 index declined from 4241 to 2731, in 150 days. The microbial community composition was also changed. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased to 54.8% and 4.2% within 7 days compared to the control, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed gram-negative bacteria and aerobic bacteria enriched after chlorination. The functional prediction with PICRUSt2 showed the functions of the microbial community underwent major adjustments, and the metabolic-related functions such as carbon metabolism, including pyruvate and methane metabolisms were significantly inhibited; besides, 15 out of 22 analyzed key enzymes involved in C cycling and 6 out of 12 key enzymes or genes involved in N cycling were strongly impacted, and the enzymes and genes involved in carbon degradation and denitrification showed remarkable downregulation. It can be concluded that chlorination posed a seriously adverse effect on microbial community structure and function. This study deepens the understanding of the ecological effects of applying chlorine for environmental remediation.     

An antibiotic composite electrode for improving the sensitivity of electrochemically active biofilm biosensor

• Antibiotic azithromycin employed in graphite electrode for EAB biosensor. • Azithromycin at 0.5% dosage increased the sensitivity for toxic formaldehyde. • Azithromycin increased the relative abundance of Geobacter. • Azithromycin regulated thickness of electroactive biofilm. Extensive research has been carried out for improved sensitivity of electroactive biofilm-based sensor (EAB-sensor), which is recognized as a useful tool in water quality early-warning. Antibiotic that is employed widely to treat infection has been proved feasible in this study to regulate the EAB and to increase the EAB-biosensor’s sensitivity. A novel composite electrode was prepared using azithromycin (AZM) and graphite powder (GP), namely AZM@GP electrode, and was employed as the anode in EAB-biosensor. Different dosages of AZM, i.e., 2 mg, 4 mg, and 8 mg, referred to as 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% AZM@GP were under examination. Results showed that EAB-biosensor was greatly benefited from appropriate dosage of AZM (0.5% AZM@GP) with reduced start-up time period, comparatively higher voltage output, more readable electrical signal and increased inhibition rate (30%-65% higher than control sensor with GP electrode) when exposing to toxic formaldehyde. This may be attributed to the fact that AZM inhibited the growth of non-EAM without much influence on the physiologic or metabolism activities of EAM under proper dosage. Further investigation of the biofilm morphology and microbial community analysis suggested that the biofilm formation was optimized with reduced thickness and enriched Geobacter with 0.5% AZM@GP dosage. This novel electrode is easily fabricated and equipped, and therefore would be a promising way to facilitate the practical application of EAB-sensors.