Study of the PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> concentration variations along two intra-urban roads within a compact city

Eighty-five measurement campaigns were performed repeatedly to compare the concentration variation profiles along two intra-urban roads—one with open configuration and the other with street canyon effect. Fixed-effects panel data analysis was applied for formulating a model to express the PM₁₀ concentrations along intra-urban roads in terms of parameters like nearby central monitoring data, traffic counts and meteorological conditions with an objective to analyze the PM₁₀ concentration variation patterns along the two roads. Our findings reveal that traffic intensity and metrological conditions exert influence on concentration variation for both types of road configurations while wind velocity only affect the pollutants removal effectiveness of open road configuration. Further analysis unveils that the PM₁₀ concentration distribution profiles within a compact city environment are not always uniform and are dependent on the road configuration. Considerable PM₁₀ concentration differences were observed along the street canyon, and 70% of their variations are attributed to variations in their road aspect ratios. By contrast, no significant concentration difference is observed at open road configurations.     

含苯酚危险废物的改进型Fenton氧化处理研究

建立以EDTA钠铁作为催化剂的改进型Fenton氧化体系,研究改进型Fenton氧化处理含高浓度苯酚危险废物的影响因素、处理效果和控制参数。研究结果表明,针对含苯酚污染土壤的自配样,当EDTA钠铁投加量为2μmol/g,15%H2O2投加量为0.1 mL/g,体系含水率为33%左右,反应时间60 min时,苯酚(含量为2 mg/g)的氧化降解率可达90%以上,反应后的体系pH约为5.7,便于直接进行固化稳定化等后续处理。该处理过程较传统型Fenton体系温和、安全,且适用于中性pH的体系,可应用于高苯酚含量且以固相无机质为主体的危险废物的快速应急处理。     

浅谈美国环境监测质量保证与质量控制

介绍了美国环境监测质量保证(QA)/质量控制(QC)体系及其基本程序,着重对其监测项目QA/QC规划做了详细介绍。目的使其对我国环境监测QA/QC体系的完善起到一定的借鉴和指导作用。     

处理低温低碳源城市污水的A/A/O氧化沟工艺脱氮运行工况优化

针对低温低碳源条件下城市污水的生物脱氮效果不佳的问题,采用A/A/O氧化沟中试装置在实际污水厂开展了冬季低温低碳源条件下不同运行工况的优化研究。通过实验,从3种工况中确定了最优的运行工况,即共采用5个转盘,其中前3个低速运行,第4个高速运行,第5个关闭。在最优运行工况下,系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN平均去除率分别为86.5%、75.4%和70.1%,出水COD、NH 4+-N、TN平均浓度分别为21.0、6.1和14.9 mg/L,出水水质全部优于国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中的一级B标准,出水COD、NH4+-N、TN达到一级A标准的比例分别为100%、20%和40%。     

China's natural wetlands: past problems, current status, and future challenges

Natural wetlands, occupying 3.8% of China's land and providing 54.9% of ecosystem services, are unevenly distributed among eight wetland regions. Natural wetlands in China suffered great loss and degradation (e.g., 23.0% freshwater swamps, 51.2% costal wetlands) because of the wetland reclamation during China's long history of civilization, and the population pressure and the misguided policies over the last 50 years. Recently, with an improved understanding that healthy wetland ecosystems play a vital role in her sustainable economic development, China started major efforts in wetland conservation, as signified by the policy to return reclaimed croplands to wetlands, the funding of billions of dollars to restore degraded wetlands, and the national plan to place 90% of natural wetlands under protection by 2030. This paper describes the current status of the natural wetlands in China, reviews past problems, and discusses current efforts and future challenges in protecting China's natural wetlands.     

Formation and removal of PCDD/Fs in a municipal waste incinerator during different operating periods

The PCDD/F concentrations and removal efficiencies achieved with air pollution control devices (APCDs) during different operating periods (start-up, normal operation, and shut-down) at an existing municipal waste incinerator (MWI) in Taiwan are evaluated via stack sampling and analysis. The MWI investigated is equipped with electrostatic precipitators (EP), wet scrubbers (WS), and selective catalytic reduction system (SCR) as APCDs. The sampling results indicate that the PCDD/F concentrations at the EP inlet during start-up period were 15 times higher than that measured during normal operation period. The PCDD/F concentration observed at shut-down period was close to that measured at normal operation period. The CO concentration was between 400 and 1000 ppm during start-up period, which was about 50 times higher compared with the normal operation. Hence, combustion condition significantly affected the PCDD/F formation concentration during the waste incineration process. In addition, the distributions of the PCDD/F congeners were similar at different operating periods. During the normal operation and shut-down periods, the EP decreases the PCDD/F concentration (based on TEQ) by 18.4-48.6%, while the removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs achieved with SCR system reaches 99.3-99.6%. Nevertheless, the PCDD/F removal efficiency achieved with SCR was only 42% during the 19-h start-up period due to the low SCR operating temperature (195 degrees C).     

从“人肉搜索”看网络媒介灾害信息的非主流传播

汶川地震“人肉搜索”事件集中代表了网络媒介灾害信息的非主流传播，成为灾后社会舆论的重要组成部分。本文从汶川地震“人肉搜索”事件入手，结合大量实例，分析了网络媒介灾害信息非主流传播的特点、功能及存在的问题，并提出了有效解决的方法。     

梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器的开发与应用

针对现有堆肥反应器移动困难、难以使物料充分混合及堆肥效率不稳定等问题,开发了梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器。从物料和热量平衡、通风量及搅拌方式优化等方面对反应器进行了研究。反应器主要包括梨形筒体、无轴螺旋导叶、通风系统、动力系统和控制系统等,具有易于移动、便于进/出料等优点。在通风量为2.0 L/min,初始物料投加量5.0kg（干重比∶粪便/锯末=1∶4）,含水率约60%时,利用反应器对人粪便进行序批式堆肥实验,结果表明,反应器搅拌5 min后混合均匀率可达90%以上,符合混合均匀度的要求;堆体温度从第2天开始升温至50℃以上并保持30 d;TOC和COD均呈持续下降趋势,降解率分别为72.61%和72.81%;种子发芽指数为92.18%,可完全达到腐熟标准。     

Moisture distribution in sludges based on different testing methods

Moisture distributions in municipal sewage sludge, printing and dyeing sludge and paper mill sludge were experimentally studied based on four different methods, i.e., drying test, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) test, thermogravimetricdifferential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) test and water activity test. The results indicated that the moistures in the mechanically dewatered sludges were interstitial water, surface water and bound water. The interstitial water accounted for more than 50% wet basis (wb) of the total moisture content. The bond strength of sludge moisture increased with decreasing moisture content, especially when the moisture content was lower than 50% wb. Furthermore, the comparison among the four different testing methods was presented.The drying test was advantaged by its ability to quantify free water, interstitial water, surface water and bound water; while TG-DSC test, TG-DTA test and water activity test were capable of determining the bond strength of moisture in sludge. It was found that the results from TG-DSC and TG-DTA test are more persuasive than water activity test.     

稳恒磁场作用下微生物燃料电池的产电特性和电化学阻抗谱分析

对混合菌接种的双室微生物燃料电池加载磁场强度为175 mT的稳恒磁场,利用电化学交流阻抗等电化学分析方法,考察了在磁场作用下微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电性能的变化,分析了磁场对MFC各部分内阻的影响。加载磁场使已启动完成的MFC的产电明显增强,开路电压提高了10%。加载磁场后最大功率密度为2.08 W/m2,大于加载前的1.58 W/m2,表观内阻由170Ω降至80Ω。电化学阻抗谱分析确定了阳极、阴极和全电池的等效电路模型,拟合结果发现阳极极化内阻约为5Ω。加载磁场使MFC的阴极极化内阻由74.98Ω降至56.73Ω。