Sample storage and extraction efficiencies in determination of polycyclic and nitro musks in sewage sludge

Analytical technology is continuously improving, developing better methods for isolating and concentrating trace compounds in environmental samples. Polycyclic and nitro musks (PNMs) are one group of emerging trace compounds detected in municipal wastewater. Differences in sample storage, preparation, and extraction methods for their measurement have led to variability in results. We analyzed 11 PNMs by GC/MS and compared the results of different storage times and extraction methods (supercritical fluid (SFE) or microwave-assisted (MAE)) for 202 samples of primary sludge, waste activated sludge (WAS), raw sludge, and aerobically/anaerobically digested biosolids collected from Canadian municipal wastewater treatment plants. Sixty-three air-dried samples were extracted by SFE, and 139 air-dried, centrifuged, or filtered samples were extracted by MAE. The mean surrogate recoveries were 89% (standard deviation (SD)=11%) for d(10)-anthracene by SFE and 88% (SD=14%) for d(10)-phenanthrene by MAE. Storage study results showed that PNM concentrations changed by a mean of 7% and 9% for primary sludge and WAS respectively after four weeks and decreased up to 25% after 13.5 months of storage in amber glass containers at -18 degrees C. Air-drying of sludge at room temperature caused losses of about 50% of PNM concentrations compared to centrifugation. The proportions of PNMs present in the liquid phase of sludge samples were less than 5% compared to proportions in the sludge solids. The most complete liquid-solid separation was achieved by filtration of frozen/thawed sludge samples, producing a liquid phase that contained less than 1% of the total musk content of the sample.     

生物通风技术修复柴油污染土壤的土柱模拟实验

生物通风技术是将土壤气相抽提和生物降解结合起来的原位强迫氧化降解方法,对于修复因地下储油罐泄漏引起的土壤污染具有广阔的应用前景。通过室内土柱模拟柴油泄漏污染土壤,分析了不同历时残余总石油烃(total pe-troleum hydrocarbon,TPH)的平衡分布规律以及土壤中不同深度柴油量、总柴油量的变化。结果表明:(1)各柱残余TPH剖面分布差异的原因受土柱的初始装填情况的影响较大;(2)残余TPH平衡分布曲线呈双峰型的土柱,柴油的去除主要以挥发作用及生物降解作用为主;(3)挥发作用主要是由通风孔隙体积数及土壤含水率来影响的;重力作用则主要是由初始油浓度、土壤含水率、C∶N∶P影响的;除通风方式外,其余4个因素都对生物降解作用有影响;(4)初始油浓度较大,土壤含水率较小的柱8和柱11,生物降解作用最明显,柴油去除效果最好。该成果可为生物通风过程的强化提供理论依据。     

漂白纸浆废水对鲫鱼血清性类固醇激素的影响

在实验室研究了一种漂白纸浆废水对鲫鱼 (Carassius auratus)的毒性效应和血清性类固醇激素(睾酮和 17β-雌二醇 )水平的影响 ,实验结果表明 ,该漂白纸浆废水的 96 h- LC50 和 16 8h- LC50 分别为 4 39.0± 30 .9ml/ L和 2 96 .6± 6 2 .0 ml/ L,各染毒组鲫鱼血清睾酮浓度与空白对照组相比虽有所降低 ,却不具有显著差异 (P>0 .0 5) ,而暴露于漂白纸浆废水中的鲫鱼血清 17β-雌二醇水平显著低于空白对照 (P<0 .0 5) ,表明漂白纸浆废水可以抑制鲫鱼血清 17β-雌二醇水平 ,从而损害鱼体繁殖功能。     

我国安全生产的形势和任务

论述了我国安全生产工作发展概况与安全的关系 ,分析了我国安全生产状况 ;指出了我国安全生产面临的主要难点 ;提出了我国安全生产工作的重任所在 ;笔者认为 ,只要从实际出发 ,坚持改革、标本兼治和技术创新 ,发挥政府、企业、劳动者三方协调机制的作用 ,借鉴和吸收国际成功经验 ,我国安全生产水平是会列于世界先进行列的。     

颗粒流冲击力研究现状及讨论∗

颗粒流包括滑坡、泥石流、碎屑流、雪崩等,通常对桥梁、公路、居民区具有较大危害。分析了颗粒流的运动过程及其侵蚀、堆积和爬高等特性;此外,对颗粒流冲击力计算模型及其野外观测结果进行阐述。结果表明:现有冲击力计算模型认为冲击力在结构全断面呈均匀分布,忽略了颗粒流的运动特性对冲击力的影响;大块石冲击力计算忽略了颗粒破碎和浆体垫层效应对冲击力的影响,造成巨大的计算误差;由于传统传感器的缺陷,现有野外观测结果也存在较大误差。对此本文提出野外观测需要通过引入或开发新式压力传感器以得到更准确的颗粒流冲击力大小及其分布形式,从而更精确的修正理论模型;理论计算模型研究工作需要考虑颗粒流浆体的垫层效应、流体与基底的相互作用及块石冲击破碎等对流体冲击力的影响,从而推导出更准确的冲击力计算模型,指导工程实际。     

Effect of ozone injection on the long-term performance and microbial community structure of a VOCs biofilter

For biofilters treating waste gases containing volatile organic compounds(VOCs), biomass accumulation is a common problem which will induce bed clogging and significant decrease in VOCs removal efficiency during long-term operation. In this study, ozone injection was developed as a biomass control strategy, and its effects on the biofilter performance and the microbial community structure were investigated in long-term operation. Two biofilters,identified as BF1 and BF2, were operated continuously for 160 days treating gaseous toluene under the same conditions, except that 200 mg/m3 ozone was continuously injected into BF1 during days 45–160. During the operation period, ozone injection did not change the toluene removal efficiency, while the pressure drop of BF1 with ozone injection was significantly lowered compared with BF2. The wet biomass accumulation rate of BF1 was 11 g/m~3/hr, which was only46% of that in BF2. According to the carbon balance result, ozone injection also increased the toluene mineralization rate from 83% to 91%, which could be an important reason for the low biomass accumulation. The PMA-q PCR result indicated that ozone injection increased the microbial viability of the biofilm. The high-throughput sequencing result also revealed that the dominant phyla and genera were not changed significantly by ozone injection, but some ozonetolerant genera such as Rhodanobacter, Dokdonella and Rhodococcus were enhanced by ozone exposure. All the results verified that ozone injection is capable of sustaining the long-term performance of biofilters by lowering the biomass accumulation, increasing the microbial viability and changing the microbial community structure.     

稀土Ce掺杂SnSb复合涂层电极的实验研究

采用涂刷热分解氧化法,把无机盐SnCl4·5H2O、SbCl3和Ce(NO3)3·6H2O以一定的配比溶解在有机溶剂异丙醇中制备涂层液,以钛板为基体,制备多组分的涂层电极.考察了不同掺杂量下制备的电极对生活污水的处理效果,并对稀土Ce掺杂SnSb涂层进行了SEM表征,结果表明,在热处理温度为500℃、稀土掺杂量(原子质量比)为Sn∶Sb∶Ce=100∶10∶1的电极降解效果最好;稀土Ce的掺杂有利于锡锑金属氧化物涂层电极的电化学性能的提高.     

2008年初湖北省雨雪过程酸雨特征及成因

利用湖北省32个气象酸雨监测站在2008年初雨雪过程中的306次有效降水样品检测资料及相关气象环境资料,分析了此次雨雪过程的酸雨特征及成因,以期对降雪酸沉降的深入研究有所帮助.分析结果表明,全省平均pH值为3.97,酸雨发生频率为89.2%,强酸雨发生频率达到64.4%,均高于历史同期平均水平.32个气象酸雨监测站的降水平均pH值除孝感外均呈酸雨,其中20站酸雨发生频率达到100%.此次雨雪过程酸雨强度大且频发是由多方面原因综合影响所致,首先,强盛的西南气流有利于长江以南重酸雨区污染物的迁移,其次,低温导致燃煤用量增加,引起酸性物质排放的增多,而较强的逆温层又使污染物扩散条件变差,此外,雪花较雨滴更慢的降落速度和更大的比表面积使其能够更充分的捕集和吸收大气中的酸性物质.     

Short-term effects of gaseous pollutants on cause-specific mortality in Wuhan, China

In Asia, limited studies have been published on the association between daily mortality and gaseous pollutants of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Our previous studies in Wuhan, China, demonstrated long-term air pollution effects. However, no study has been conducted to determine mortality effects of air pollution in this region. This study was to determine the acute mortality effects of the gaseous pollutants in Wuhan, a city with 7.5 million permanent residents during the period from 2000 to 2004. There are approximately 4.5 million residents in Wuhan who live in the city's core area of 201 km2, where air pollution levels are highest, and pollution ranges are wider than the majority of the cities in the published literature. We used the generalized additive model to analyze pollution, mortality, and covariate data. We found consistent NO2 effects on mortality with the strongest effects on the same day. Every 10-microg/m3 increase in NO2 daily concentration on the same day was associated with an increase in nonaccidental (1.43%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-1.99%), cardiovascular (1.65%; 95% CI: 0.87-2.45%), stroke (1.49%; 95% CI: 0.56-2.43%), cardiac (1.77%; 95% CI: 0.44-3.12%), respiratory (2.23%; 95% CI: 0.52-3.96%), and cardiopulmonary mortality (1.60%; 95% CI: 0.85-2.35%). These effects were stronger among the elderly than among the young. Formal examination of exposure-response curves suggests no-threshold linear relationships between daily mortality and NO2, where the NO2 concentrations ranged from 19.2 to 127.4 microg/m3. SO2 and O3 were not associated with daily mortality. The exposure-response relationships demonstrated heterogeneity, with some curves showing nonlinear relationships for SO2 and O3. We conclude that there is consistent evidence of acute effects of NO2 on mortality and suggest that a no-threshold linear relationship exists between NO2 and mortality.     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in Tianjin, China

Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression were applied to apportion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils of Tianjin, China based on the measured PAH concentrations of 188 surface soil samples. Four principal components were identified representing coal combustion, petroleum, coke oven plus biomass burning, and chemical industry discharge, respectively. The contributions of major sources were quantified as 41% from coal, 20% from petroleum, and 39% from coking and biomass, which are compatible with PAH emissions estimated based on fuel consumption and emission factors. When the study area was divided into three zones with distinctive differences in soil PAH concentration and profile, different source features were unveiled. For the industrialized Tanggu-Hangu zone, the major contributors were cooking (43%), coal (37%) and vehicle exhaust (20%). In rural area, however, in addition to the three main sources, biomass burning was also important (13%). In urban-suburban zone, incineration accounted for one fourth of the total.