Assessment of spatial distribution of soil loss over the upper basin of Miyun reservoir in China based on RS and GIS techniques

Soil conservation planning often requires estimates of the spatial distribution of soil erosion at a catchment or regional scale. This paper applied the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to investigate the spatial distribution of annual soil loss over the upper basin of Miyun reservoir in China. Among the soil erosion factors, which are rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length (L), slope steepness (S), vegetation cover (C), and support practice factor (P), the vegetative cover or C factor, which represents the effects of vegetation canopy and ground covers in reducing soil loss, has been one of the most difficult to estimate over broad geographic areas. In this paper, the C factor was estimated based on back propagation neural network and the results were compared with the values measured in the field. The correlation coefficient (r) obtained was 0.929. Then the C factor and the other factors were used as the input to RUSLE model. By integrating the six factor maps in geographical information system (GIS) through pixel-based computing, the spatial distribution of soil loss over the upper basin of Miyun reservoir was obtained. The results showed that the annual average soil loss for the upper basin of Miyun reservoir was 9.86 t ha(-1) ya(-1) in 2005, and the area of 46.61 km(2) (0.3%) experiences extremely severe erosion risk, which needs suitable conservation measures to be adopted on a priority basis. The spatial distribution of erosion risk classes was 66.9% very low, 21.89% low, 6.18% moderate, 2.89% severe, and 1.84% very severe. Thus, by using RUSLE in a GIS environment, the spatial distribution of water erosion can be obtained and the regions which susceptible to water erosion and need immediate soil conservation planning and application over the upper watershed of Miyun reservoir in China can be identified.     

Sorption of DDTs on biofilms, suspended particles and river sediments: effects of heavy metals

The sorption by solid materials is one of the most important processes that affect the fate of hydrophobic organic pollutants in aquatic systems. Current studies focus on the sorption of hydrophobic pollutants by single natural solid material, whereas few studies compared the sorption behaviors of different solids. Furthermore, natural aquatic environment is a complex system where hydrophobic pollutants coexist with many other pollutants, but only limited studies reported the effects of coexisting components on the sorption. Here we studied the sorption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) by three common solids in natural water, i.e., biofilms, suspended particles and sediments. The effects of typical coexisting heavy metals on the sorption were also examined. The results show that the sorption is described by a dual-mode sorption model. Compared with sediments, more DDTs were sorbed by biofilms and suspended particles. Coexisting Pb, Cd and Cu increased the sorption of DDTs on sediments while decreasing the sorption on biofilms slightly, with little effect on the sorption on suspended particles. The different sorption behaviors of the solids were mainly determined by the composition of the solids: more organics were observed in biofilms and suspended particles.     

系统工程方法建设应急救援平台的探讨

功能全面、实用高效的应急救援平台是实施科学、有效的应急救援的基础之一,也是一个复杂的人、机、信息综合系统,系统工程的分析方法及思想对指导应急救援平台的建设具有较强的针对性和指导意义.在分析了国内外应急救援平台的现状并明确了其功能、要求后,运用系统工程方法从应急救援方式、设备、人员、信息系统、移动平台5个方面进行了分析和...     

民航维修系统建立风险管理的探索

中国民航维修系统正在建立安全管理体系,本文介绍了风险管理目的、构建原则并举例说明风险管理的实施步骤。为中国民航维修系统建立风险管理进行了有益的探索。     

旅游公路景观协调性评价指标权重模型研究

为评价旅游公路景观协调性,通过对影响旅游公路景观协调性因素的分析,采用目标分解法初选评价指标,确定公路景观与交通安全、景观与视觉、景观与生态环境协调性3个目标层。在此基础上采用德尔菲法建立景观协调性评价指标体系;将景观协调性指标权重分为价值量权重和信息量权重2部分,在序关系分析法基础上充分利用指标值信息,综合主、客观赋权法,建立旅游公路景观协调性评价指标组合权重模型。结果表明:该模型可客观有效地确定各评价指标的权重。     

基于在线检测信息的储罐底板腐蚀状态智能评价方法

为了解决利用声发射在线检测技术对储罐底板腐蚀状态进行评价时,主要依赖检测人员经验的问题,使该项技术能更好地推广和应用,利用储罐底板在线检测的声发射信息和外观检查信息,并根据相关标准及专家经验,确定与储罐底板腐蚀状态相关的表征因素。采用遗传算法(GA)改进贝叶斯网络(BN)搜索方法,建立基于GA的BN智能评价方法。针对声发射在线检测信息和外观检查信息,分别建立基于标准用声发射因素、基于声发射因素和综合考虑声发射因素和外观检查因素的基于在线检测信息的储罐底板腐蚀状态评价模型。通过对测试样本的评价,对比声发射检测专家评价结果,其中基于在线检测信息的储罐底板腐蚀状态评价模型的准确率为96%,该模型能够对储罐底板腐蚀状态进行可靠的智能评价。     

危险化学品泄漏扩散模型的研究现状分析与比较

为了对危险化学品港口装卸过程中泄漏危险度进行量化评定,基于泄漏扩散模型提高港口的应急处理技术,对危险化学品泄漏扩散模型的研究现状从理论研究、试验研究、应用研究3方面进行深入分析。着重对高斯模型(Gaussian model),BM模型,Sutton模型,FEM3模型,箱及相似模型,P-G模型等模型从理论描述方法、适用对象和范围、计算精度和难易、参数选取等方面进行优缺点的对比研究,认为:由于危险化学品泄漏和扩散行为的复杂性,影响因素的多样性,使各类模型在具备一定的理论价值和现实意义的同时,还存在着参数选取不确定性、试验模拟差异性以及实际应用局限性的问题和不足,运用计算机技术完善试验结果数据库、改进数学仿真模型是其进一步研究发展的趋势。     

一株石油烃降解菌对原油的降解特性

从山东胜利油田沿海滩涂石油污染水体中分离得到1株以原油为唯一碳源的降解菌E-2.通过对原油降解率的测定,发现菌株E-2对石油具有较强的降解能力.在条件初步优化下培养5d,其对原油的降解率在扣除自然降解部分后达到50.51%.E-2最适宜生长条件为:温度37℃,pH =7.5.当NaCl质量浓度为0～5g·L-1,原油质量分数为0.75%～1.5%时菌株E-2处于最佳生长状态.通过GC-MS分析,菌株E-2对原油中链烃C34～C38的部分降解最显著,对链烃C26 ～ C33也有一定的降解作用,表明E-2对长链烃类的降解具有明显的优势.菌株E-2与优势菌株HB-1按1∶1组成混合菌液,两种菌株仍能各自显著降解链烃碳源,同时对C16～C30的降解明显增强,反映了两菌对这一段碳链的协同降解效果.HB-1与E-2按1∶1混合,石油降解率提高到63.62%(单独HB-1菌株石油降解率为54.62%);HB-1与E-2按1∶3混合,其降解率为80.60%;HB -1与E-2按3∶1混合,降解率为81.83%.     

新旧版GB6566《建筑材料放射性核素限量》比较研究

为了方便检测机构、消费者和企业理解掌握新版GB6566-2010标准内容,笔者对与旧标准相比的主要变化、标准具体内容进行了归纳整理,并对实际应用中应注意的问题加以解析。     

炼油厂VOCs排放及其对O3生成的敏感性研究

对某炼油石化厂进行了O3体积分数和VOCs的监测分析,获得炼油厂周边地区各月O3的体积分数变化特征和日O3体积分数变化特征.研究发现,该炼油厂地区O3体积分数经常超过国家二级标准,说明该地区O3污染严重.该地区O3日变化曲线不同于所在城市中心的O3变化特征.炼油厂地区O3体积分数在6-8月显示出双峰特性以及更长的最大值持续时间.与此同时,在5月、9月、10月使用SUMMA采样罐在炼油厂厂界进行VOCs样品采集,使用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC - MS)对样品进行分析,得到厂界VOCs各组分的体积分数,烷烃比例最高,约82.6％,其中直链烷烃占49.9％,而芳香烃和烯烃仅为10.2％和7.5％.VOCs监测结果与文献相近,烯烃排放量略低.此外,为了对炼油石化厂排放的VOCs各物种敏感性特征进行量化描述,利用丙烯等效浓度法,对炼油厂区域各VOCs物种的反应活性进行了归一化研究,量化了该地区各物种的反应活性,获得了综合反应活性较强的5种烯烃、4种直链烷烃和1种环烷烃.