Effects of digital countdown timer on intersection safety and efficiency: A systematic review

Objective: To investigate the available evidence referring to the effectiveness of digital countdown timers (DCTs) in improving the safety and operational efficiency of signalized intersection.

Methods: A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Relevant literature was searched from electronic databases using key terms. Based on study selection and methodological quality assessment, 14 studies were included in the review. Findings of the studies were synthesized in a narrative analysis.

Results: Three types of DCT had different effects on intersection safety and operational efficiency. Green signal countdown timers (GSCTs) reduced red light violations, type I dilemma zone distributions, and rear-end collision likelihood but increased crossing after yellow onset and had mixed impacts on type II dilemma zone distributions and intersection capacity. In contrast, red signal countdown timers (RSCTs) increased intersection capacity, although their effectiveness in reducing red light violations dissipated over time. Likewise, continuous countdown timers (CCTs) significantly enhanced intersection capacity but had mixed influences on red light violations and crossing after yellow onset.

Conclusions: Due to the limited and inconsistent evidence regarding DCTs' effects on intersection safety and efficiency, it is not sufficient to recommend any type of DCT to be installed at signalized intersections to improve safety and operational efficiency. Nevertheless, it is apparent that both RSCTs and CCTs enhance intersection capacity, though their impacts on intersection safety are unclear. Future studies need to further verify those anticipated safe and operational benefits of DCTs with enriched field observation data.     

秸秆生物炭对有机染料的吸附作用及机制

研究了裂解温度分别为500℃和700℃的两种水稻秸秆生物炭(分别标记为W500、W700)对有机染料日落黄和亚甲基蓝的吸附作用及机制.同时,针对实际印染废水的特点,考察了反应温度、p H和硫酸盐对吸附去除效率的影响.结果显示,生物炭对两种染料的吸附均符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附曲线均可用Freundlich模型较好地描述,但其对两种染料的吸附机制显著不同.生物炭对阳离子染料亚甲基蓝的吸附主要通过离子交换作用,随着生物炭裂解温度升高,其极性基团减少,离子交换作用减弱.生物炭对阴离子染料日落黄的吸附则主要通过生物炭芳香结构与日落黄分子芳环之间的π-π相互作用,随裂解温度升高,生物炭芳香化程度增大,π-π作用随之增大;生物炭对两种染料的吸附去除效率均随反应温度的升高(5~45℃)而增大,且在3p H11、硫酸盐浓度25~2500 mg·L~(-1)的变化范围内,吸附去除效率均保持稳定.     

环境监理取费基价的测算方法研究

环境监理是“三同时”制度全过程管理的体现.统一的行业收费标准对环境监理行业的健康发展至关重要.完善的收费机制有利于企业间的公平竞争,先进技术的应用与发展,高端人才的引进.通过对比发展较成熟的工程监理取费机制,分析环境监理的工作内容,收集已实施案例数据.通过matlab技术对收集的取费数据进行拟合分析,得出环境监理取费函数,并检验函数偏差.得出以投资额为基数的环境监理基价取费建议表.     

Life cycle assessment of mobile phone housing

The life cycle assessment of the mobile phone housing in Motorola(China) Electronics Ltd. was carried out, in which materials flows and environmental emissions based on a basic production scheme were analyzed and assessed. In the manufacturing stage, such primary processes as polycarbonate molding and surface painting are included, whereas different surface finishing technologies like normal painting, electroplate, IMD and VDM etc. were assessed. The results showed that housing decoration plays a significant role within the housing life cycle. The most significant environmental impact from housing production is the photochemical ozone formation potential.Environmental impacts of different decoration techniques varied widely, for example, the electroplating technique is more environmentally frieodly than VDM. VDM consumes much more energy and raw material. In addition, the results of two alternative scenarios of dematerialization showed that material flow analysis and assessment is very important and valuable in selecting an environmentally friendly process.     

Water quality prediction of copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater based on the PSO-SVR model

● Data acquisition and pre-processing for wastewater treatment were summarized. ● A PSO-SVR model for predicting COD_eff in wastewater was proposed. ● The COD_eff prediction performances of the three models in the paper were compared. ● The COD_eff prediction effects of different models in other studies were discussed. The mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment is highly complex and nonlinear. Various factors like influent quality, flow rate, pH and chemical dose, tend to restrict the effluent effectiveness of mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a crucial indicator to measure the quality of mining-beneficiation wastewater. Predicting COD concentration accurately of mining-beneficiation wastewater after treatment is essential for achieving stable and compliant discharge. This reduces environmental risk and significantly improves the discharge quality of wastewater. This paper presents a novel AI algorithm PSO-SVR, to predict water quality. Hyperparameter optimization of our proposed model PSO-SVR, uses particle swarm optimization to improve support vector regression for COD prediction. The generalization capacity tested on out-of-distribution (OOD) data for our PSO-SVR model is strong, with the following performance metrics of root means square error (RMSE) is 1.51, mean absolute error (MAE) is 1.26, and the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.85. We compare the performance of PSO-SVR model with back propagation neural network (BPNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and shows it edges over in terms of the performance metrics of RMSE, MAE and R², and is the best model for COD prediction of mining-beneficiation wastewater. This is because of the less overfitting tendency of PSO-SVR compared with neural network architectures. Our proposed PSO-SVR model is optimum for the prediction of COD in copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. In addition, PSO-SVR can be used to predict COD on a wide variety of wastewater through the process of transfer learning.     

Methanation and chemolitrophic nitrogen removal by an anaerobic membrane bioreactor coupled partial nitrification and Anammox

● Efficient carbon methanation and nitrogen removal was achieved in AnMBR-PN/A system. ● AOB outcompeted NOB in PN section by limiting aeration and shortening SRT. ● The moderate residual organic matter of PN section triggered PD in anammox unit. ● AnAOB located at the bottom of UASB played an important role in nitrogen removal. An AnMBR-PN/A system was developed for mainstream sewage treatment. To verify the efficient methanation and subsequent chemolitrophic nitrogen removal, a long-term experiment and analysis of microbial activity were carried out. AnMBR performance was less affected by the change of hydraulic retention time (HRT), which could provide a stable influent for subsequent PN/A units. The COD removal efficiency of AnMBR was > 93% during the experiment, 85.5% of COD could be recovered in form of CH₄. With the HRT of PN/A being shortened from 10 to 6 h, nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of PN/A increased from 60.5% to 80.4%, but decreased to 68.8% when the HRT_PN/A further decreased to 4 h. Microbial analysis revealed that the highest specific ammonia oxidation activity (SAOA) and the ratio of SAOA to specific nitrate oxidation activity (SNOA) provide stable NO₂⁻-N/NH₄⁺-N for anammox, and anammox bacteria (mainly identified as Candidatus Brocadia) enriched at the bottom of Anammox-UASB might play an important role in nitrogen removal. In addition, the decrease of COD in Anammox-UASB indicated partial denitrification occurred, which jointly promoted nitrogen removal with anammox.     

Determinants of delegation and consultation by managers

Few studies have identified determinants of delegation and consultation. To investigate this question further, we surveyed managers and subordinates in two samples and interviewed managers individually or in focus groups. The use of delegation and consultation with individual subordinates was determined in part by characteristics of the subordinates and the manager–subordinate relationship. More delegation was used for a subordinate who was competent, shared the leader's task objectives, had worked longer for the manager, was a supervisor also, and had a favorable exchange relationship with the manager. Consultation with a subordinate was predicted by goal congruence, subordinate job level, and quality of the leader–member exchange relationship. The managers acknowledged that developing subordinates and empowering them to do their work were important reasons for delegation, but many managers were reluctant to give up control over important decisions or assign an important task to an inexperienced subordinate. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

洪水灾情评价的脉冲耦合神经网络模型

洪水灾情的评价工作对洪水灾害的分类管理具有重要的指导意义。脉冲耦合神经网络模型应用到洪水灾情评价中是一次新尝试,该方法通过脉冲输出从而调节阈值,并且应用动态阈值来确定洪水灾情的等级。这个方法比传统的BP模型简化了权值的训练,模型更加简便、直观。采用脉冲耦合神经网络模型得出的评价结果同灰色关联法、灰色聚类法、灰色模糊综合法的评价结果进行了比较,表明其用于洪水损失评价具有科学性和实用性。     

一切为了孩子——北京市中小学校舍安全工程简介

<正>新闻素材:2010年夏,因校舍需要进行抗震加固,北京市各区县部分中小学校根据需要提前放暑假。今年新学年开学前,北京市将完成对全市中小学每一栋校舍的抗震排查和鉴定工作。三年内,存在安全隐患的校舍都将完成抗震加固、迁移避险的工作。     

平顶山市城市大气环境综合整治及大气污染物排放总量控制的实施

介绍了平顶山市实施排放大气污染物总量控制的目的、意义、程序与管理手段,以及总量控制的技术支持系统、监测及管理机构的建立。