Impact of urban water supply on energy use in China: a provincial and national comparison

To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and help mitigate climate change, urban water systems need to be adapted so that electrical energy use is minimised. In this study, energy data from 2011 was used to quantify energy use in China’s urban water supply sector. The objective was to calculate the energy co-benefits of urban water conservation policies and compare energy use between China and other countries. The study investigated influencing factors with the aim of informing the development of energy efficient urban water infrastructure. The average energy use per cubic metre and per capita for urban water supply in China in 2011 was 0.29 kWh/m³ and 33.2 kWh/cap year, respectively. Total GHG emissions associated with energy use in the urban water supply sector were 7.63 MtCO₂e, or carbon dioxide equivalent. Calculations using these indicators showed significant energy savings could result from water conservation measures. A comparison between provinces of China showed a direct correlation between energy intensity of urban water supply and the population served per unit length of pipe. This may imply energy and emission intensity can be reduced if more densely populated areas are supplied by a corresponding pipe density, rather than by a low-density network operating at higher flow rates. This study also found that while the percentage of electrical energy used for urban water supply tended to increase with the percentage of population served, this increase was slower where water supply was more energy efficient and where a larger percentage of population was already supplied.     

海水环境生物腐蚀污损与防护

以海水环境生物腐蚀污损与防护为中心,就国内外与其相关的报道进行综述分析,并提出建议。首先,分析污损生物的分布与特征,得出污损生物群落的组成和结构对海域、季节、水深、工程结构类型等的依赖性,突出海水环境生物腐蚀污损的复杂性。然后,解析生物附着污损对海水环境腐蚀速率的影响,突出附着生物是导致金属材料腐蚀速率增大的重要因子。再次,介绍海水环境生物腐蚀污损防护技术的现状,分析主要防护技术的优缺点,并展示其在不同行业的联用。最后,提出对海水环境生物腐蚀污损研究工作的建议,包括建立各海域的生物腐蚀污损数据库、大力研制发展绿色生物腐蚀污损控制技术、加强对海洋生物腐蚀污损基础性研究工作的投入、尽快建立海洋生物腐蚀评价标准和规范等。     

岷江下游五通桥段小型集水区大气降水中pH值对重金属含量的影响

为了解岷江下游大气降水中pH值及其重金属含量特征及污染状况,以五通桥段小型集水区为研究对象,分析了年降雨量、降水pH值和降水中的重金属含量季节变化,探讨了pH值与重金属之间的关系,并利用相关分析和聚类分析对大气降水中重金属来源进行了初步解析.结果表明:五通桥集水区年总降雨量为1199.42 mm,pH平均值为5.37,年降雨中42.86%为酸雨,3.57%为重酸性雨,10.71%为碱雨,且夏、春季比秋、冬两季略高.重金属As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为10.33、5.75、14.68、53.15、922.37μg·L-1,其中,As和Cu含量低于地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准.5种重金属含量在冬季明显高于夏季,春季含量略高于秋季,与大气降水pH值存在显著的负相关关系,在pH为3.8左右时各重金属含量最高,其中,As和Cd在pH 5.5左右、Cu和Pb在pH从5.5到6.0的过程中含量增加,达到次高值.5种重金属在降雨pH值大于7时含量最低.聚类分析结果表明,研究区大气中As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn主要来源于燃煤、汽车尾气、工业污染、矿石开采和钢铁生产.     

三苯基锡对假微型海链藻(Thalassiosira pseudonana)的生长抑制及温度的影响

在我国近岸海域环境中,三苯基锡分布十分广泛。本研究以假微型海链藻(Thalassiosira pseudonana)为目标物种,研究了4个不同温度条件下(10℃、15℃、25℃与30℃)三苯基锡暴露对其细胞生长以及光合作用参数(Fv/Fm与ФII)的影响。结果表明,假微型海链藻的细胞生长速率在高温与低温条件下均显著下降,而光合作用参数仅在30℃条件下受到显著影响。在暴露温度为10℃、15℃、25℃与30℃时,三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)对假微型海链藻的生长抑制IC50值分别为1.81、1.69、1.09与0.73μg·L-1。TPT对假微型海链藻光合作用抑制的IC50随着温度的升高呈降低趋势。Two-way ANOVA分析结果显示,温度与三苯基锡的相互作用显著影响假微型海链藻的光合作用。上述研究结果可以为了解不同温度下三苯基锡对海洋微藻的毒性效应提供科学依据。     

风险控制管理在武钢建设工程项目中的应用

通过对武钢近年来新、改、扩建建设项目安全管理的探索实践,遵循"安全第一、预防为主、综合治理"的方针,按照风险控制管理的模式,利用较大危险源点预控管理的手段,形成有效的安全管理方式、方法,努力实现武钢建设工程安全管理目标,杜绝武钢建设工程较大以上安全生产事故发生.     

Specific antibody for pesticide residue determination produced by antibody-pesticide complex

A new method for specific antibody production was developed using antibody (Ab)-pesticide complex as a unique immunogen. Parathion (PA) was the targeted pesticide, and rabbit polyclonal antibody (Pab) and mouse monoclonal antibody (Mab) were used as carrier proteins. The Ab-PA complexes were generated by conjugating the two antibodies with an excessive dosage of PA. It was shown that the sensitivity of homologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the new antibodies was similar to that using original antibodies. However, the new mouse Pab had not only similar positive recognizing spectrum as the original Mab, but also a significantly improved sensitivity in heterologous ELISA when some recognizable competitors were applied. IC₅₀ value of ELISA based on a combination of the new mouse Pab and hapten 9 was 0.24 ng/mL, which was 445.54 times as that of the homologous ELISA. An Ab-pesticide complex may be a suitable alternative immunogen for producing highly specific antibody to improve the immunoassay sensitivity.     

原煤及富碳沉积物对疏水性有机污染物吸附解吸研究进展

疏水性有机污染物（HOCs）是环境中具有较大的辛醇/水分配系数(〖WTBX〗Kow〖WTBZ〗)的一类持久性有机污染物（POPs），吸附解吸过程是环境中HOCs迁移转化的重要途径之一。煤是近年来发现的在土壤及沉积物中非线性吸附特征的重要吸附剂之一，通过阐述原煤及富碳沉积物对HOCs吸附解吸机理，并重点分析影响原煤及富碳沉积物对HOCs吸附解吸过程的因素，包括吸附剂和吸附质本身，pH值、盐度和离子强度等环境因子，试途探究煤对HOCs吸附解吸的本质。由于煤的有机质含量、有机碳组成和空间结构等物理化学性质都明显不同于天然土壤和沉积物，因而对HOCs的吸附解吸过程也具有特殊性（如吸附过程一般为非线性，解吸过程的滞后性）。有关煤对HOCs的吸附解吸机理在微观分子角度的探讨、煤与吸附解吸过程中其他影响因子对反应体系的影响、煤对HOCs降解的环境风险评价等的研究还较少，今后需加强对这些方面的研究     

添加壳聚糖溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2光催化剂及其光催化性能研究

采用添加壳聚糖（CTS）的溶胶-凝胶法制备了具有较高光催化活性的TiO2光催化剂，并用XRD、TEM、BET和IR等手段对其进行表征。结果表明，CTS的添加使TiO2衍射强度增强、分散性提高、比表面积增大从而使光催化活性提高；用所制备的催化剂光催化降解甲基橙反应60min后，其去除率由不添加CTS所制备TiO2的32％提高到48％，TOC去除率由14％提高到23％。     

Sources and distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in soil and sediment from the Yellow Sea region of China and Korea

Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines.     

浅析我国应急体系和能力现代化建设

通过分析近年来我国的公共安全形势和突发事件发生基本情况,预测未来5~10年各类突发事件的发展趋势,借鉴国外应急管理工作的特点和先进经验,总结分析我国应急体系与应急能力现状及存在的主要问题,提出提升我国应急体系和能力现代化建设水平的建议。