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41.
Mohammad Javaheri Kristian Jessen 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011,5(5):1272-1283
Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into saline aquifers is one of the promising options to sequester large amounts of CO2 in geological formations. During as well as after injection of CO2 into an aquifer, CO2 migrates towards the top of the formation due to density differences between the formation brine and the injected CO2. The time scales of CO2 migration towards the top of an aquifer and the fraction of CO2 that is trapped as residual gas depends strongly on the driving forces that are acting on the injected CO2.When CO2 migrates to the top of an aquifer, brine may be displaced downwards in a counter-current flow setting particularly during the injection period. A majority of the published work on counter-current flow settings have reported significant reductions in the associated relative permeability functions as compared to co-current measurements. However, this phenomenon has not yet been considered in the simulation of CO2 storage into saline aquifers.In this paper we study the impact of changes in mobility for the two-phase brine/CO2 system as a result of transitions between co- and counter-current flow settings. We have included this effect in a simulator and studied the impact of the related mobility reduction on the saturation distribution and residual saturation of CO2 in aquifers over relevant time scales. We demonstrate that the reduction in relative permeability in the vertical direction changes the plume migration pattern and has an impact on the amount of gas that is trapped as a function of time. This is to our best knowledge the first attempt to integrate counter-current relative permeability into the simulation of injection and subsequent migration of CO2 in aquifers. The results and analysis presented in this paper are directly relevant to all ongoing activities related to the design of large-scale CO2 storage in saline aquifers. 相似文献
42.
Kizinievič Olga Voišnienė Violeta Kizinievič Viktor Pundienė Ina 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2022,24(1):237-249
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This paper presents an experimental study on the properties, structure and durability (frost resistance: one-side and all-sides freezing and... 相似文献
43.
Markus Langs Sebastien Allar Ina Kristian Anna Heitz Cynthia A. Joll 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(8):340-348
Determination of halogen-specific total organic halogen(TOX) is vital for studies of disinfection of waters containing bromide, since total organic bromine(TOBr) is likely to be more problematic than total organic chlorine. Here, we present further halogen-specific TOX method optimisation and validation, focusing on measurement of TOBr. The optimised halogen-specific TOX method was validated based on the recovery of model compounds covering different classes of disinfection by-products(haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles,halophenols and halogenated benzenes) and the recovery of total bromine(mass balance of TOBr and bromide concentrations) during disinfection of waters containing dissolved organic matter and bromide. The validation of a halogen-specific TOX method based on the mass balance of total bromine has not previously been reported. Very good recoveries of organic halogen from all model compounds were obtained, indicating high or complete conversion of all organic halogen in the model compound solution through to halide in the absorber solution for ion chromatography analysis. The method was also successfully applied to monitor conversion of bromide to TOBr in a groundwater treatment plant. An excellent recovery(101%)of total bromine was observed from the raw water to the post-chlorination stage. Excellent recoveries of total bromine(92%–95%) were also obtained from chlorination of a synthetic water containing dissolved organic matter and bromide, demonstrating the validity of the halogen-specific TOX method for TOBr measurement. The halogen-specific TOX method is an important tool to monitor and better understand the formation of halogenated organic compounds, in particular brominated organic compounds, in drinking water systems. 相似文献
44.
45.
Stefan Hellstrand Kristian Skånberg Lars Drake 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(4):573-596
The first part presents a conceptual model of the economic system in its ecological and social context. It is developed via
an integration of basic concepts in physical resource theory, animal and human physiology, economic theory and systems ecology.
The capacity of the model to support analysis of such complex systems where life is a key system characteristic is high. The
conceptual model shows the dependency of the human economy on support by non-renewable and renewable resources from Nature
(i.e. ecological source restrictions), as well as the capacity of ecosystems to assimilate wastes (ecological sink restrictions).
The analysis focuses general principles; thus, the high level of abstraction results in an apparent simplicity. In the second
part, we integrate traditional economic production functions and the conceptual model, which results in the formulation of
a biophysically anchored production function (BAPF). The BAPF by itself, and through the system of ecological economic accounts
that can be derived from it, represent a toolbox that supports the operationalisation of a sustainable development from micro
to macro level. It is coherent with Impredicative Loop Analysis, existing management systems within agricultural sciences,
OECD’s principles for sustainable development and the approach of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Compared to analytical
approaches used in the formulation of sustainability policies in the private and public sphere, based on conceptual models
ignoring the complexity when life (bios) is a defining system characteristic, its relevance for the operationalisation of
sustainable development approaches infinity. The third part presents results from statistical analysis of relations between
gross domestic product and energy supply and some emissions, respectively, for different nations and time periods, delivering
values on levels and trends for parameters in the BAPF as well as a first test of the relevance of the BAPF proposed. The
paper is ended by a theoretical analysis of the costs of provoking an economic system working under ecological source and
sink restrictions to follow exponential growth: The need to decouple economic growth from natural resource use and emissions
is highlighted. Otherwise, the erosion of the ecological foundation of the economy with regard to source as well as sink aspects
will be a function of exponential growth. 相似文献
46.
Kristian Jakobsen 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(2):219-233
The application of a livelihood asset-based approach to adaptation policy targeting is presented through the creation of maps highlighting the spatial contrasts of access to various types of livelihood assets utilizing primary household data. Thus, the livelihood maps provide policy-makers with a tool to quickly identify areas with limited access to certain types of assets, making the latter less able to react to a changing level of climate-related risks. In the case of Bhutan, distinct spatial patterns of asset endowments is identified using five different asset indicators drawing attention to the fact that some areas facing increased level of climate-related risks lack access to productive and human capital, while other areas facing a similar situation have relatively insufficient access to financial assets. This again shows that any non-targeted policy aiming at improving households’ risk-management capacities through asset-building would have quite diverse results even among closely located districts in Bhutan. Finally, relevant policy options concerning the various dimensions of asset holdings are discussed so as to identify options that may benefit poor and vulnerable no matter if the expected outcomes of a changing climate are realized or not. 相似文献
47.
48.
Regional Environmental Change - Trend analysis on observations and model-based climate change simulations are two commonly used methods for climate change detection and impact analysis. Here we... 相似文献
49.
Precision-cut tissue slices of the anterior kidney from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were prepared with a Krumdieck tissue slicer and exposed to 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chloro-(14C)phenyl)-1,1-dichlorethane (o,p(')-[14C]DDD) in vitro. Microautoradiography revealed irreversible o,p(')-DDD-derived binding confined to the glucocorticoid producing interrenal cells (adrenocortical analogues). This cell-selective binding was confirmed by means of autoradiography at different levels of resolution on Atlantic cod administered o,p(')-[14C]DDD intragastrically. The results provide evidence for a site-specific metabolic activation and irreversible binding of o,p(')-DDD in the interrenal cells, which, in turn, may modify glucocorticoid homeostasis. 相似文献
50.
We estimated silicate uptake kinetics for 8 spring diatom species using a model based on time series measurements of the depletion
of dissolved silicate (DSi) and increases in biomass. Furthermore, the carbon: nitrogen: silicate stoichiometric relationships
and maximum growth rates were determined. Differences in DSi uptake kinetics and maximum growth rate were distinct among the
species. All the most common diatom species (Chaetoceros wighamii, Pauliella taeniata, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira baltica) were relatively lightly silicified and had variable but relatively low half-saturation constants (K
s
), indicating that they are well adapted to low DSi concentrations. The less common Diatoma tenuis and Nitzschia frigida had higher K
s
values, suggesting that they are more vulnerable to DSi limitation. The much used nitrogen:silicate ratio of 1 for marine
diatom biomass was too low for most of the examined species, while a ratio of 2–3 seems to be more appropriate for these Baltic
Sea species. 相似文献