Effects of organic acids on adsorption of lead onto montmorillonite,goethite and humic acid

Adsorption isotherms for Pb onto six soil components (quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite and humic acid) were studied. The influence of pH, EDTA and citric acid on the adsorption of Pb onto montmorillonite, goethite and humic acid were considered. Results indicate that the experimental data fit the Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm. The adsorption capacity for Pb at pH 6 was found to be in the order: humic acid (22.7 mg g(-1)) > goethite (11.04 mg g(-1)) > montmorillonite (10.4 mg g(-1)) > kaolinite (0.91 mg g(-1)) > feldspar (0.503 mg g(-1)) > quartz (0.148 mg g(-1)). Generally, the amount of Pb adsorbed onto montmorillonite, goethite and humic acid decreased with increasing concentrations of EDTA and citric acid and with increases in alkality. However, there were two exceptions: (1) addition of citric acid increased the amount of Pb adsorbed onto humic acid; and (2) the amount of Pb adsorbed onto goethite decreased with increasing pH in the presence of EDTA. Some mechanisms involved in the adsorption reactions are discussed.     

四氯化碳的生产与应用及其淘汰策略

四氯化碳是一种消耗臭氧层物质，其生产和消费都面临着严峻的淘汰形势。简要叙述了四氯化碳的生产技术，以四氯化碳为原料生产大宗化学品和精细化学品的转化技术，四氯化碳作为化工助剂在我国的应用情况以及相应的淘汰方法和技术进展。     

泥炭净化含油污水的研究

泥炭比重小、质量轻，富含有机质，是一种吸附能力很强的吸油材料。本文通过大量试验论述了泥炭净化含油污水的实验条件和方法。结果表明。泥炭经热加工处理后，由原来的亲水性变成疏水性，在含油污水中实现吸油而不吸水；采用不同的净化方式效果不同，静态方式泥炭可吸附其自身重量的５－１０倍的油，动态吸油高达１０倍以上；藓类泥炭、草木泥炭及木本泥炭对油的吸附效果也不同，分别可吸附油６—９．５Ｌ／Ｋｇ、４—８Ｌ－／Ｋｇ和１—２．５Ｌ／Ｌｇ。     

用加氢工艺生产新型低毒溶剂

针对目前市场上苯类溶剂毒性大，危害人体健康及污染环境，而其他代用品溶解能力差的问题。用加氢工艺开发出了环保型溶剂。其毒性低，溶解性好，使用国产催化剂及原料，有成本低的特点，取得了较好的结果。     

氮肥施用对紫色土-玉米根系系统N2O排放的影响

通过不同施氮水平与不同氮肥品种2个田间试验,结合静态箱-气相色谱法研究了川中丘陵区2005年5～9月石灰性紫色土-玉米根系系统的N2O排放变化.结果表明:1)施用氮肥显著地增加了N2O排放,在3个施氮水平下(0、150和250 kg·hm-2),N2O排放总量分别为0.88、2.19和2.52 kg·hm-2;施氮量越高,N2O排放量也越高.当施氮量超过一定水平后,施肥量高低对N2O排放总量的影响并不显著.由氮肥施用引起的N2O排放量占施氮量的0.87%(150 kg·hm-2)和0.66%(250 kg·hm-2).2)氮肥品种显著影响N2O排放,尿素(酰胺态氮肥)和硫酸铵(铵态氮肥)处理的N2O排放量分别为2.09和1.80 kg·hm-2,显著高于硝酸钾(硝态氮肥)处理(1.27 kg·hm-2),三者排放量分别占施氮量的0·80%、0.60%和0.27%.3)降雨是玉米生长季N2O排放的主要影响因子,而无机氮则是影响N2O排放的主要限制因子.     

施加生物炭对河流沿岸土吸附铜的影响机制

为探究生物炭施加对河流沿岸土吸附铜的影响机制,采集嘉陵江流域(川渝段)内苍溪(CX)、南部(NB)、嘉陵(JL)和合川(HC)沿岸土表层(S,0～20 cm)、亚表层(D,20～40 cm)共8种土样,分别将1%(质量比)生物炭(B)加入到8种土样中形成混合土样(CX_(SB)、NB_(SB)、JL_(SB)和HC_(SB); CX_(DB)、NB_(DB)、JL_(DB)和HC_(DB))。以原始土样作为对照,批处理法研究各供试土样在不同温度、pH和离子强度下的Cu~(2+)吸附和热力学特征,并分析Cu的吸附形态。结果显示:(1)各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的等温吸附都适用Langmuir模型描述,Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量q_m在62. 20～363. 64 mmol/kg之间,S层土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现JL NB CXHC的趋势,而D层土样呈现JL CX NB HC的趋势。施加生物炭有助于增强D层土壤对Cu~(2+)的吸附。(2) 20～40℃范围内,各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随温度的升高而升高,表现为增温正效应。热力学参数结果表明各混合土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。(3) pH的升高有利于各供试土样对Cu~(2+)的吸附。随着离子强度的增加,各混合土样(HC_S和HC_D除外)对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均呈现先增后降的趋势,0. 1 mol/L时最大。(4)土样中吸附的铜主要以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜存在,生物炭的施加增加了土样中可交换态(HC除外)和有机结合态铜含量,而对碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态铜影响较小。供试土样对Cu~(2+)的q_m主要是由CEC和比表面积决定的。     

A preliminary analysis of the surface chemistry of atmospheric aerosol particles in a typical urban area of Beijing

Atmospheric aerosol particle samples were collected using an Ambient Eight Stage(Non-Viable) Cascade Impactor Sampler in a typical urban area of Beijing from 27 th Sep.to 5th Oct.,2009.The surface chemistry of these aerosol particles was analyzed using Static Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(Static TOF-SIMS).The factors influencing surface compositions were evaluated in conjunction with the air pollution levels,meteorological factors,and air mass transport for the sampling period.The results show that a variety of organic ion groups and inorganic ions/ion groups were accumulated on the surfaces of aerosol particles in urban areas of Beijing;and hydrophobic organic compounds with short-or middle-chain alkyl as well as hydrophilic secondary inorganic compounds were observed.All these compounds have the potential to affect the atmospheric behavior of urban aerosol particles.PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7had similar elements on their surfaces,but some molecules and ionic groups demonstrated differences in Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry spectra.This suggests that the quantities of elements varied between PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7.In particular,more intense research efforts into fluoride pollution are required,because the fluorides on aerosol surfaces have the potential to harm human health.The levels of air pollution had the most significant influence on the surface compositions of aerosol particles in our study.Hence,heavier air pollution was associated with more complex surface compositions on aerosol particles.In addition,wind,rainfall,and air masses from the south also greatly influenced the surface compositions of these urban aerosol particles.     

基于人员心理-环境因素的火灾疏散速度修正方法研究

为探究人在火灾环境下的行为心理对疏散效率的影响，基于火灾下人员行为心理特征具有复杂、抽象、难以直接量化的特性，通过模糊逻辑方法，应用模糊集合、模糊规则和隶属度函数量化人的行为心理，研究其对疏散速度的影响；考虑火灾烟气和群体行为对疏散的影响，通过对高层建筑火灾状况下的烟气进行数值分析，并运用公式法得出人员的疏散速度折减值；以某高层商业建筑火灾疏散为例，将修正后人员的疏散速度和疏散路径引入疏散分析并与未修正的结果进行比较。结果表明:未修正的商业建筑疏散时间为470 s，修正后的疏散时间为670 s，修正后的疏散时间更长，人员危险性更大。     

Enhancement of chlorophenol sorption on soil by geophagous earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi)

Earthworms are the dominant soil biomass of many terrestrial ecosystems and markedly influence the physico-chemical and biological properties of soil; however, little is known about the effects of earthworm activities on the environmental behavior of micropollutants in soil. We studied the sorption and desorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol on geophagous earthworm (anecic Metaphire guillelmi) casts of various aging times and on the parent soil. The casts were characteristic of lower pH and higher content of fine particles (silt and clay) than the parent soil. The sorption of the chlorophenols on the soil and casts were well fitted to linear isotherms, with sorption capacity in the order of pentachlorophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. The sorption on the cast with different aging time was quite similar and was higher than on the parent soil. The sorption on the soil did not change between pH 7.07 of the soil and pH 6.76 of the casts. The desorption hysteresis of the chlorophenols on the soil and casts was compound specific and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol showed the highest hysteresis. The higher sorption capacity of the casts was not owing to the lowered pH of the casts, but mainly to the higher fine particles in the casts and the possible changes of nature of the soil organic matter through the earthworm gut passage. Our results indicate that geophagous earthworms may change sorption behavior and thus the bioavailability and transport of chlorophenols in soil. Earthworm effects should be considered when evaluating the environmental behavior and risk of organic pollutants in the ecosystems where earthworms are abundant.     

用于地表水反硝化的纤维素碳源选择研究

为了选取合适的天然有机物作为反硝化细菌碳源用于解决地表水中NO3--N污染问题,以江南大学校内湖水为接种物,选取8种天然纤维素碳源在缺氧状态不同的处理方式下对60 mg/L NO3--N的降解特性进行研究。结果表明,以碱处理作为预处理可明显提高反硝化速率,碳源脱氮率均在96%以上（树皮除外）。2种处理方式中均有NO2--N累积,部分碳源释放NH4＋-N并发生DNRA反应,树叶在2种处理中脱氮效果均较好。结合各碳源脱氮率、耗碳源量以及处理成本,选取基本处理的香樟叶作为最佳纤维素碳源。