Multivariate characterization of elements accumulated in Wolfiporia extensa mushroom from Yunnan province of China

ABSTRACT

Dried sclerotia of Wolfiporia extensa have been used as medicine in Asia from Eastern Han Dynasty, and also used as traditional snack called “fulingjiabing” in Beijing, China. In this paper, 18 macro and trace elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn) in both flesh and peel of Wolfiporia extensa from seven sites of Yunnan province in China were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The average recovery rates of certified reference materials for GBW10015 (spinach leaves) ranged from 90.5 to 113%, for GBW10028 (citrus leaves) from 92.8 to 106%, and for GBW07603 (bush branch and leaves) from 83.3 to 114.6%. Generally speaking, the concentration of all elements determined was at common level. The results of this survey indicate that mineral compositions in peel were higher than in flesh. In peel, the contents of investigated trace metals in mushroom samples were found to be in the range of 1,660–13,400 µg·g^?1 dry matter (dm) for Fe and 29.6–710 µg·g^?1 dm for Mn. The mean contents of Cr, Cu, Rb, V, and Zn in peel were between 10 and 20 µg·g^?1 dm, followed by As, Co, Li, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sr with mean contents between 1 and 10 µg·g^?1 dm, while Ag, Cd, and Cs had mean contents of <1 µg·g^?1 dm. In flesh, the concentration of Fe was in the range of 54–900 µg·g^?1 dm, and it was 1.5–49 µg·g^?1 dm for Mn, followed by Ba, Cu, Rb, and Zn in the range of 1 to 10 µg·g^?1 dm, while for Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Li, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and V it was <1 µg·g^?1 dm. The concentration of toxic elements, such as As, Cd, and Pb, in both flesh and peel was below the permissible limits of World Health Organization. However, As and Pb contents in peel were higher than the limits permitted in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The results of principal component analysis showed that the flesh of Wolfiporia extensa from all the seven sites of the Yunnan province tend to cluster together, most probably because the origin of mineral elements in both flesh and peel is wood substrate (old and dead pine trees).     

农药环境风险评估中常用的计算毒理学模型软件

农药的大量使用为我国带来了严重的环境和健康问题,仅依靠传统生物测试和环境监测的方法已经不能满足农药风险评估的需要。利用计算毒理学模型,可以实现农药的高通量风险评估。本文主要介绍了农药环境风险评估中常用免费的EPI Suite、QSAR Toolbox和PBT Profiler等定量结构-活性关系(Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship,QSAR)模型软件和SCIGROW、PRZM-GW、China-PEARL和EQC等环境多介质模型软件,以期能为农药的风险评估和科学管理提供参考。     

Comparative study on performances of a heat-pipe PV/T system and a heat-pipe solar water heating system

The heat-pipe solar water heating (HP-SWH) system and the heat-pipe photovoltaic/thermal (HP-PV/T) system are two practical solar systems, both of which use heat pipes to transfer heat. By selecting appropriate working fluid of the heat-pipes, these systems can be used in the cold region without being frozen. However, performances of these two solar systems are different because the HP-PV/T system can simultaneously provide electricity and heat, whereas the HP-SWH system provides heat only. In order to understand these two systems, this work presents a mathematical model for each system to study their one-day and annual performances. One-day simulation results showed that the HP-SWH system obtained more thermal energy and total energy than the HP-PV/T system while the HP-PV/T system achieved higher exergy efficiency than the HP-SWH system. Annual simulation results indicated that the HP-SWH system can heat the water to the available temperature (45°C) solely by solar energy for more than 121 days per year in typical climate regions of China, Hong Kong, Lhasa, and Beijing, while the HP-PV/T system can only work for not more than 102 days. The HP-PV/T system, however, can provide an additional electricity output of 73.019 kWh/m², 129.472 kWh/m², and 90.309 kWh/m² per unit collector area in the three regions, respectively.     

城市生活污水及二级处理水中手足口病病毒及肠道病毒的赋存状态

手足口病是由多种肠道病毒引起的传染病,其主要病原体有EV71、CVA16及CVA10。为了研究污水处理厂的生活原污水及二级处理水中此类病毒的存活情况,实验利用手足口病3种主要病毒的通用引物对其进行分型检测,同时使用肠道病毒通用引物检测所有肠道病毒,并对常规水质指标进行分析。结果表明,原污水及二级处理水的手足口病病毒阳性率分别为83.3%与36.7%,而肠道病毒阳性率更高达100%及93.3%。说明生活污水中的肠道病毒可以稳定存在,且若未进行有效消毒处理,可能存在于二级处理水中。在3种手足口病主要病毒中,CVA10检出率最高,达45.0%,CVA16及EV71检出率分别为8.3%及10.0%。可推断,CVA10为实验阶段该地区主要的手足口病病毒。通过相关性分析,肠道病毒的存活与水质条件密切相关。     

Chemical additives affect sulfate reducing bacteria biofilm properties adsorbed on stainless steel 316L surface in circulating cooling water system

This paper studied the biofilm properties and corrosion behavior of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) on stainless steel 316L (SS316L) surface in circulating cooling water system with and without additives including hydroxy ethyl fork phosphonic acid (HEDP), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlotide (1227) and NaClO. Biochemical technique, electrochemical technology, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used. The results show that the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in biofilm attached on the SS316L surface mainly contain proteins and polysaccharides, the contents are 98 ug·cm^-2 and 635ug·cm^-2, respectively. The polysaccharides were cut by 1227 about 80%, while 55% by NaClO. The proteins were reduced by NaClO about 53%, while only 30% by 1227. The potentiodynamic polarization shows that the corrosion potential of SS316L was enhanced from -0.495 V to -0.390 V by the chemical additives, delaying the occurrence of the corrosion. And the corrosion rate was also reduced from 5.19 × 10^-3 mm·a^-1 to 2.42 × 10^-3 mm·a^-1. But NaClO still caused pitting corrosion after sterilizing the bacteria, while 1227 can form a protective film on the surface of SS316L. Though HEDP contribute to the bacteria activity, it can enhance the breakdown potential. XPS results confirmed that 1227 can change the value of C:O in the biofilm attached on metal surface, and NaClO can eliminate the existence of amidogen. This study would provide some recommendations for the selection of chemical additives in the thermal power plant.

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燃煤电厂在线监测系统颗粒物浓度排放系数影响因素的探讨

选取上海市7家未安装气-气换热器的国控燃煤电厂作为研究对象，从煤质、除尘器、脱硫协同脱除作用以及锅炉工况负荷等方面探讨对颗粒物浓度排放系数 K值产生的影响，得出上述因素通过改变脱硫进口颗粒物浓度值影响 K值，当脱硫进口颗粒物浓度较低、波动范围较小时，其 K值也维持相对稳定的状态；当脱硫进口颗粒物浓度较高、波动范围较大时，其 K值也会发生较大的变化等结论。     

Structure optimization and annual performance analysis of the lens-walled compound parabolic concentrator

The primary lens-walled compound parabolic concentrator (lens-walled CPC) has a significant advantage of a larger half acceptance angle as a static solar concentrator, but it also has a drawback of a low optical efficiency. In order to overcome this drawback, in this article, series of structure parameters were investigated and compared to further improve the optical efficiency within the half acceptance angle combined with the material properties. The average optical efficiencies of the improved lens-walled CPCs could achieve more than 82% within the half acceptance angle of 35?. Experiments were adopted to verify the credibility and validity of the simulation. Moreover, annual performance of the lens-walled CPCs comparison with that of the mirror CPC for Nottingham was analyzed. Results show that the improved lens-walled CPC has a higher optical performance for actual building application.     

Future of global governance and climate change action in a changing political landscape

<正>1.Editor's note On 30 November 2016,the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy(BTC),Caixin Video,and Columbia Global Centers(Beijing)jointly hosted a Seminar on the Future of Global Governance and Climate Change Action in a Changing Political Landscape.Leading experts on China's environmental policy and climate     

农药混配制剂环境风险评估现状与展望

本文综述了欧洲和美国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法。详细介绍了欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)评估体系中的2种方法,即,基础的"整体测试法"和近年来提倡的"基于组分的方法"。"基于组分的方法"的特点是以浓度加和模型(CA模型)作为默认假设进行初级评估,以独立作用模型(IA模型)等作为高级评估手段的农药混配制剂环境风险评估方法。此外,本文还介绍了模型偏差率(MDR)、毒性相似度及毒力单元(TU)等概念以及混配制剂风险评估流程。本文的目的旨在为建立我国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法体系提供参考。     

有色金属企业的安全管理

近年来，我国国内有色金属产量和对矿产品需求量快速增长。10种有色金属产量已从1980年的124．8万吨发展到2008年的产量为2，519万吨，增长了20倍多，并从2002年起，连续六年产量位居世界第一；预计到2020年10种有色金属需求总量为3000万吨。