Analysis of the origin of peak aerosol optical depth in springtime over the Gulf of Tonkin

By aggregating MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) AOD(aerosol optical depth) and OMI(ozone monitoring instrument) UVAI(ultra violet aerosol index)datasets over 2010–2014, it was found that peak aerosol loading in seasonal variation occurred annually in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin(17–23°N, 105–110°E). The vertical structure of the aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved from the spaceborne lidar CALIOP(cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization) showed that the springtime peak AOD could be attributed to an abrupt increase in aerosol loading between altitudes of 2 and 5 km.In contrast, aerosol loading in the low atmosphere(below 1 km) was only half of that in winter. Wind fields in the low and high atmosphere exhibited opposite transportation patterns in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin, implying different sources for each level. By comparing the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources with biomass burning, and analyzing the seasonal variation of the vertical structure of aerosols over the Northern Indo-China Peninsula(NIC), it was concluded that biomass burning emissions contributed to high aerosol loading in spring. The relatively high topography and the high surface temperature in spring made planetary boundary layer height greater than 3 km over NIC. In addition, small-scale cumulus convection frequently occurred, facilitating pollutant rising to over 3 km, which was a height favoring long-range transport. Thus, pollutants emitted from biomass burning over NIC in spring were raised to the high atmosphere, then experienced long-range transport, leading to the increase in aerosol loading at high altitudes over the Gulf of Tonkin during spring.     

Infrared spectroscopic probing of dimethylamine clusters in an Ar matrix

Amines have many atmospheric sources and their clusters play an important role in aerosol nucleation processes. Clusters of a typical amine, dimethylamine (DMA), of different sizes were measured with matrix isolation IR (infrared) and NIR (near infrared) spectroscopy. The NIR vibrations are more separated and therefore it is easier to distinguish different sizes of clusters in this region. The DMA clusters, up to DMA tetramer, have been optimized using density functional methods, and the geometries, binding energies and thermodynamic properties of DMA clusters were obtained. The computed frequencies and intensities of NH-stretching vibrations in the DMA clusters were used to interpret the experimental spectra. We have identified the fundamental transitions of the bonded NH-stretching vibration and the first overtone transitions of the bonded and free NH-stretching vibration in the DMA clusters. Based on the changes in vibrational intensities during the annealing processes, the growth of clusters was clearly observed. The results of annealing processes indicate that DMA molecules tend to form larger clusters with lower energies under matrix temperatures, which is also supported by the calculated reaction energies of cluster formation.     

应用元素碳示踪物法解析复杂排放源地区有机碳来源的局限性

元素碳示踪物法(The EC tracer method)因其简单易行被广泛应用于区分有机气溶胶的一次和二次来源.本文以源排放复杂的北京城区(冬夏两季)和山东长岛作为城市和偏远地区的代表,利用气溶胶质谱仪(AMS)和碳黑测定仪等多种仪器的观测结果,基于元素碳示踪物法估算了在这些地区二次源对有机碳的贡献,并将该结果和同观测受体模型正定矩阵因子分析(PMF)的结果进行比较.探讨了北京地区餐饮源和生物质燃烧源对元素碳示踪物法估算二次有机碳的影响.本研究指明了元素碳示踪物法基本假设在源复杂地区应用的局限性,利用该方法对二次有机气溶胶估算会因存在具有较高OC/EC比值的一次排放源,而有一定偏差(例如本论文10%~40%).该研究对其他的元素示踪物法的估算工作具有一定的借鉴意义.     

纳米Fe3C/炭纤维非均相电芬顿降解二甲基砷的研究

针对结构稳定且难以靠常规方法去除的二甲基砷,制备新型负载Fe_3C纳米粒子的炭纤维催化剂,并对其非均相电芬顿降解二甲基砷进行了研究.结果表明,纳米Fe_3C/CF与阴极产生的H2O2发生电芬顿催化反应产生羟基自由基将二甲基砷降解为一甲基砷和As(V),As(V)可被同步吸附在Fe_3C/CF催化剂表面.通过考察电催化过程中初始p H、反应物初始浓度、电流强度和催化剂投加量等因素对催化氧化DMA效果的影响,表明在初始p H为3,二甲基砷初始浓度为5 mg·L~(-1),Fe_3C/CF投量为500 mg·L~(-1)的最佳条件下,经非均相电芬顿反应360 min后,二甲基砷去除率高达96%.     

复杂工况下可燃气体爆炸特性研究现状及展望

从实验研究、数值模拟方面分别介绍了近年来国内、国外学者在复杂工况下可燃性气体爆炸特性方面的研究现状及成果。根据目前实际生产中遇到的问题及现阶段研究工作存在的不足,对今后可燃气体爆炸特性研究进行展望。     

双护盾TBM不良地质段卡机脱困技术研究*

为确保双护盾TBM在不良地质中遭遇卡机事故时能快速安全脱困,依托某引水隧洞工程,研究双护盾TBM在断层破碎带段及软岩大变形段遭遇的卡机事故原因以及采用超前大管棚支护、环形扩挖法的技术难点。结果表明:双护盾TBM在断层破碎带段采用超前大管棚支护及软岩大变形段采用环形扩挖法,均能解决卡机事故问题,使其成功脱困。研究结果可为类似TBM卡机脱困提供工程借鉴。     

电梯层门机械强度的探讨

层门机械强度是电梯层门的一项重要特性,层门机械强度不足时门扇受力后容易产生较大变形甚至脱落,造成人员坠落井道的伤亡事故。本文对国内外电梯标准t层门机械强度要求条文进行了解析,基于国家标准中层门机械强度的规定,通过试验方法进行测试验证,指出国家现有标准中关于层门机械强度要求的不足之处。在此基础上,提出适合于我国的提高电梯层门机械强度的措施和方法,以期提升我国在用电梯层门的安全性。     

低温等离子体治理柴油机尾气污染的研究进展

柴油发动机以其良好的燃油经济性和动力学特性得到广泛应用,但是其尾气排放中的氮氧化物有害气体和难以分解的微粒物含量较多,造成了严重环境污染。目前,研究开发中的柴油机尾气后处理技术,如还原催化转化、氧化催化转化和微粒捕集等,存在催化剂价格昂贵、催化活性低、有效温度范围小和捕集器保持清洁状态困难等不足。国内外大量的研究结果证明,基于气体放电的低温等离子体技术能有效降低柴油机尾气污染物排放,且无二次污染。本文通过低温等离子体的产生,柴油机尾气中的氮氧化物和微粒物的净化,综合介绍了低温等离子体净化柴油机尾气技术的研究进展,针对当前研究中存在的问题,论述了今后的发展趋势。     

包头市地下饮用水源地污染现状分析和评价及污染防治措施

本文根据包头市四市区地下饮用水源地调查结果,进行了环境质量现状评价,为了保护地下饮用水源地,提出污染防治措施。