重庆四面山五种人工林土壤有机碳储量研究

对重庆四面山杉木纯林、杉木×马尾松、杉木×马尾松×木荷、木荷×石栎×枫香×香樟、木荷×石栎人工林进行了有机碳储量研究。运用网格取样法取样,每个样地各层各取样81个,共计取样810个。结果表明：（1）林分类型不同,A层土壤有机碳含量总体差异显著（p〈0.05）。在此五种林分类型中,土壤平均有机碳含量以杉木人工纯林为最高,石栎木荷枫香香樟人工混交林为最小;B层土壤有机碳含量总体差异不显著（p〉0.05）。在垂直剖面上,五种人工林均差异显著（p〈0.05）,且表现出随着土层深度的增加,林下土壤有机碳含量随之减小,体现出土壤有机碳含量的表聚作用。（2）有机碳储量规律基本与土壤有机碳含量规律一致。在垂直剖面上,此五种人工林有机碳储量均差异显著（p〈0.05）,表现出随着土层深度的增加而减小的规律。不同林种类型、同一土层深度或是不同土层深度、同一林种类型其有机碳储量变异系数大小均不一样,这说明此五种林地土壤普遍存在空间异质性且其异质程度不一样。（3）就 A 土层而言,本研究区五种人工林平均有机碳密度为5.34 kg·m^-2,比相关研究的重庆市土壤有机碳密度3.11 kg·m^-2,全国森林土壤有机碳密度4.24 kg·m^-2,全国土壤有机碳密度2.67kg·m^-2等分别多出71.70%,25.94%,100%。     

北京市东北城区夏季环境空气中苯系物的污染特征与健康风险评价

于2013年8月2日至31日,利用Airmo VOC在线分析仪开展了北京市东北城区环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的在线监测,分析了其中16种苯系物的污染水平、变化特征、来源及其臭氧形成潜势(OFP),并采用US EPA的健康风险评价模型对BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、间-对二甲苯、邻二甲苯)和苯乙烯的人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,16种苯系物在观测期间总平均质量浓度为10.36μg·m-3,其中BTEX的质量浓度均值为7.45μg·m-3,约占总的苯系物质量浓度的72%。苯系物的质量浓度呈现明显的一次污染物日变化特征,即早晚较高,中午较低。苯与甲苯的质量浓度比值(B/T)平均为0.39,说明除机动车尾气外,涂料和溶剂的挥发释放对大气中苯系物也可能具有重要贡献。间-对二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯和甲苯的OFP值较高,对北京市大气臭氧光化学形成具有显著贡献。BTEX和苯乙烯对人体的非致癌风险危害商值在8.70E-05至3.76E-02之间,危害指数为6.19E-02,对暴露人群尚不存在明显的非致癌风险;而苯的致癌风险值为8.80E-06,超过了US EPA的建议值1.00E-06,显示苯对研究区居民身体健康存在潜在的致癌风险。     

Effect of fomesafen on glutathione S-transferase and cellulase activity and DNA damage in the earthworm (Eisenia fetida)

Biochemical responses and DNA damage of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to various concentrations of fomesafen (0, 10, 100, and 500 μg kg^?1) for 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days were investigated in vivo. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly stimulated upon treatment with 500 μg kg^?1 fomesafen for 21 days, while the cellulase activity was markedly inhibited after 14 days of treatment. On day 28, the activities of GST and cellulase had recovered to the level similar to that of controls. Low or mild DNA damage in earthworm was induced within 14 days of exposure, and the damage was reduced or disappeared with the extension of exposure.     

Modeling the impact of uncertainty in emissions trading markets with bankable permits

The various forms of uncertainty that firms may face in bankable emission permit trading markets will affect firms’ decision making as well as their market performance. This research explores the effect of increased uncertainty over future input costs and output prices on the temporal distribution of emission. In a dynamic programming setting, the permit price is a convex function of stochastic prices of coal and electricity. Increased uncertainty about future market conditions increases the expected permit price and causes a risk neutral firm to reduce ex ante emissions in order to smooth out marginal abatement costs over time. Finally, safety valves, both low-side and high-side, are suggested to reduce the impact of uncertainty in bankable emission trading markets.     

纳米混杂Kevlar／Surlyn复合材料的制备与防刺性能研究

本文介绍采用热压成型工艺制备纳米SiO2混杂Kevlar／Surlyn复合材料,研究了纳米粒子混杂工艺、纳米粒子含量对复合材料动态防刺性能的影响。结果表明,采用喷涂工艺制备的纳米SiO2混杂Kevlar／Surlyn复合材料可改善复合材料的防刺性能,其中纳米SiO2的含量为5wt．％时,复合材料的防刺效果最佳。     

低碳经济是发展循环经济的必然选择——浅谈我国工业固体废物资源化

循环经济与低碳经济都是要求人类在考虑生产和消费时,还需考虑自然生态系统的承载能力,尽可能地节约自然资源,不断提高固体废物的利用效率,在固体废物减量化、资源化、无害化过程中,降低化石能源消耗,减少温室气体排放活动,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,促进人与自然的和谐发展。     

铁盐对活性污泥微生物DHA与ETS活性的影响研究

通过活性污泥脱氢酶活性与电子传递体系活性的测定,对比分析铁盐对活性污泥系统微生物活性影响及其变化规律。研究结果表明:活性污泥TTC-DHA活性与INT-ETS活性之间具有较好的相关性,分批次向活性污泥处理系统投加Fe(OH)3并保持连续运行污水处理系统内的活性污泥含铁质量分数在5%条件下,其活性污泥微生物TTC-DHA与INT-ETS活性可分别达到25～30,275～360μg/(mg.h),其较对比系统提高50%左右,铁盐对活性污泥的微生物活性的影响较为显著。     

Geochemical provenance and spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Mayo Tsanaga River Basin, Far North Region, Cameroon: implications for incidence of fluorosis and optimal consumption dose

The 500,000 inhabitants of Mayo Tsanaga River Basin are vulnerable to a “silent” fluorosis from groundwater consumption. For the first time, the groundwater is investigated for the purpose of identifying the provenance of fluoride and estimating an optimal dose of fluoride in the study area. Based on the fluoride content of groundwater, fluorine and major oxides abundances in rocks from the study area, mean annual atmospheric temperature, and on-site diagnosis of fluorosis in children, the following results and conclusions are obtained: Fluoride concentration in groundwater ranges from 0.19 to 15.2 mg/l. Samples with fluoride content of <1.5 mg/l show Ca–HCO₃ signatures, while those with fluoride >1.5 mg/l show a tendency towards Na-HCO₃ type. Fluor-apatite and micas in the granites were identified as the main provenance of fluoride in the groundwater through water-rock interactions in an alkaline medium. The optimal fluoride dose in drinking water of the study area should be 0.7 mg/l, and could be adjusted downward to a level of 0.6 mg/l due to the high consumption rate of groundwater, especially during drier periods.     

Flame propagation in hybrid mixture of coal dust and methane

To investigate the flame propagation through hybrid mixture of coal dust and methane in a combustion chamber, a high-speed video camera with a microscopic lens and a Schlieren optical system were used to record the flame propagation process and to obtain the direct light emission photographs. Flame temperature was detected by a fine thermocouple. The suspended coal dust in the mixture of methane and air was ignited by an electric spark. The flame propagation speeds and maximum flame temperatures of the mixture were analyzed. The results show that the co-presence of coal dust and methane improves the flame propagation speed and maximum flame temperature notably, which become much higher than that of the single-coal dust flame. The flame front temperature varies with the coal dust concentration.