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71.
Bo Terning Hansen Øistein Haugsten Holen Johanna Mappes 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(12):1991-1997
The cognitive processes of predators play a central role in the evolution of prey characters. Numerous studies have shown
that vertebrate predators may learn to associate the characteristics of prey (e.g. color) with the cost or benefit of ingesting
them, thus forming preferences and aversions for different kinds of prey. Although the distribution and quality of prey types
can differ between environmental contexts, which may make it profitable to attack a prey type in some contexts but not in
others, the influence of environmental cues in decisions to attack has rarely been addressed. Recent theory suggests that
modification of prey preferences by environmental cues such as microhabitat or temperature may influence the evolution of
prey characteristics. Here, we show that the environmental foraging context may determine prey choice in great tits (Parus major) through learned association between the prey phenotype (appearance and palatability) and a contextual background cue. The
same individuals were able to learn and maintain two different sets of food preferences and aversions for use in two different
environmental contexts (aviaries with red or blue wooden boards), indicating a role for contextual learning in vertebrate
foraging behavior. 相似文献
72.
Stomatal characteristics and infection biology of Pyrenopeziza betulicola in Betula pendula trees grown under elevated CO2 and O3 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Riikonen J Syrjälä L Tulva I Mänd P Oksanen E Poteri M Vapaavuori E 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):536-543
Two silver birch clones were exposed to ambient and elevated concentrations of CO2 and O3, and their combination for 3 years, using open-top chambers. We evaluated the effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on stomatal conductance (gs), density (SD) and index (SI), length of the guard cells, and epidermal cell size and number, with respect to crown position and leaf type. The relationship between the infection biology of the fungus (Pyrenopeziza betulicola) causing leaf spot disease and stomatal characteristics was also studied. Leaf type was an important determinant of O3 response in silver birch, while crown position and clone played only a minor role. Elevated CO2 reduced the gs, but had otherwise no significant effect on the parameters studied. No significant interactions between elevated CO2 and O3 were found. The infection biology of P. betulicola was not correlated with SD or gs, but it did occasionally correlate positively with the length of the guard cells. 相似文献
73.
Tanja Eybe Jean-Nicolas Audinot Thomas Udelhoven Esther Lentzen Brahime El Adib Johanna Ziebel Lucien Hoffmann Torsten Bohn 《Chemosphere》2013,90(6):1829-1838
Environmental heavy metal contamination is a case of concern for both animal and human health. Studying the fate of metals in plant or animal tissues may provide information on pollution. In the present study, we investigated the possibility to follow the biological fate of chromium and platinum uptake in common garden snails (Helix aspersa), typically accumulating high concentrations of metals from their environment. Chromium and platinum were administered orally to snails in 5 groups (n = 25/group): control, food contaminated by ca. 2.5 μg g?1 and 19 μg g?1 chromium and 2.5 μg g?1 and 25 μg g?1 platinum, for 8 weeks. Following exposure, surviving snails were sacrificed, shell and remaining tissue investigated by ICP-MS, and shell, midgut gland and mantle by nano-secondary ion mass-spectrometry (Nano-SIMS). 12C14N-normalized platinum and 40Ca-normalized chromium measurements indicated highest enrichments in cellular vesicles of the midgut gland, and lower concentrations in mantle and shell, with significantly higher platinum and chromium concentrations in the 2 exposure groups vs. control (P < 0.05), with somewhat differing distribution patterns for chromium and platinum. Comparable results were obtained by ICP-MS, with both chromium and platinum fed snails showing drastically elevated concentrations of metals in shell (up to 78 and 122 μg g?1 dw platinum and chromium, respectively) and in other tissues (up to 200 and 1125 μg g?1 dw platinum and chromium, respectively). Nano-SIMS allowed for semi-quantitative comparison of metal fate in snail tissues, making this an interesting technique for future studies in the area of environmental pollution. 相似文献
74.
Temporal trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were examined in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) liver from the Baltic Sea over a period of 35 years (1974-2008). In total, 17 of 43 PFCs were found, including the perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C4-C10 PFSAs), perfluorooctanesulfinate (PFOSi), long chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C7-C14 PFCAs), and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA)), whereas saturated and unsaturated fluorotelomer carboxylates, shorter chain PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids were not detected. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant compound (9.57-1444 ng g−1 wet weight (ww)), followed by perfluorononanoate (PFNA, 0.47-109 ng g−1 ww). C6-C8 PFSAs, PFOSi and C7-C13 PFCAs showed statistically significant increasing concentrations between 1974 and 1997, with a peak in 1997 and then decreased or levelled off (except for C12 and C13 PFCAs). FOSA had a different temporal trend with a maximum in 1989 followed by significant decreasing concentrations until 2008. Toxicological implications for grey seals are limited, but the maximal PFOS concentration found in this study was about 40 times lower than the predicted lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC). The statistically significant decreasing concentrations or levelling off for several PFCs in the relative closed marine ecosystem of the Baltic Sea indicate a rapidly responding to reduced emissions to the marine environment. However, the high concentrations of PFOS and continuing increasing concentrations of the longer chain PFCAs (C12-C14) shows that further work on the reduction of environmental emissions of PFCs are necessary. 相似文献
75.
Jinsong Zhao Reinhard Joas Jochen Abel Tomas Marques Johanna Suikkanen 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(5):880-886
While process safety regulations and standards have been in place in western countries for more than two decades, China has only recently started to officially embrace these issues with the adoption of its Process Safety Management (PSM) regulation AQ/T 3034-2010 (SAWS, 2010). However, compliance with this regulatory framework requires substantial resources and may therefore appear too complex to be efficiently implemented by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the chemical sector. This is of particular relevance as about 99% of chemical companies in China are SMEs, accounting for more than 80% of all chemical accidents. To address this issue, additional local regulations and planning activities related to process safety have been implemented in China, including the establishment of hundreds of chemical industry parks. Some of the process safety problems faced by chemical industry parks are identified and discussed in this paper. To help solve these problems, UNEP's “Responsible Production approach for Chemical Hazards Management along the Value-Chain” is introduced in this paper and suggested as a simplified PSM approach targeted specifically at SMEs which, regardless of handling hazardous chemicals in their daily operations, may not have the knowledge or capacity to efficiently implement PSM and may not fall in the scope of the PSM regulation AQ/T 3034-2010. By introducing PSM to SMEs in a more manageable way, relevant steps can be progressively implemented by companies towards full compliance with the current regulatory framework, contributing to increased safety in chemical industry parks in China. 相似文献
76.
A recently constructed wetland, located in the Venice lagoon watershed, was monitored to investigate growth dynamics, nutrient and heavy metal shoot accumulation of the two dominating macrophytes: Phragmites australis and Bolboschoenus maritimus. Investigations were conducted over a vegetative season at three locations with different distance to the inlet point to assess effects on vegetation. The distance from the inlet did not affect either shoot biomass or nutrients (N, P, K and Na) and heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn) shoot content. With the exception of Na, nutrient and heavy metal concentrations were higher in shoots of P. australis than in B. maritimus. Heavy metal concentration in the incoming water and in the soil was not correlated to the plant content of either species. Shoot heavy metal concentrations were similar to those reported in the current literature, but accumulation generally increased towards the end of the growing season. 相似文献
77.
Santamaría J Quinonez-Diaz Mde J Lemond L Arnold RG Quanrud D Gerba C Brusseau ML 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(12):3481-3484
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of length scale (travel distance) on the retention and transport of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a sandy soil. Long columns (1 and 2 meters) and an in situ lysimeter (4 m) were used to allow investigation of larger-scale transport under controlled conditions. Significant retention of oocysts was observed, with the magnitude of removal from solution ranging between 2 to 5 logs. While the removal was greater for longer travel distances (or residence times), the increase was not log-linear. This observation indicates that oocyst transport was not consistent with standard colloid filtration theory. The observed behavior is speculated to arise, at least in part, from intrapopulation variability in oocyst properties. The results of this study indicate that while Cryptosporidium oocysts may be expected to experience significant retention and removal during transport in sandy soil, the magnitude of retention may be less than that which would be predicted by applying standard colloid filtration theory to the results of typical short-column experiments. Thus, a fraction of the oocysts may be more mobile than anticipated and thereby pose a greater than expected risk to groundwater. 相似文献
78.
79.
Olle Ericsson Tarja Ahola Fredrik Dahl Filip Karlsson Fredrik Persson Olof Karlberg Fredrik Roos Ida Alftrén Björn Andersson Emelie Barkenäs Ani Boghos Birgit Brandner Jenny Dahlberg Per-Ola Forsgren Niels Francois Anna Gousseva Faizan Hakamali Åsa Janfalk-Carlsson Henrik Johansson Johanna Lundgren Atefeh Mohsenchian Linus Olausson Simon Olofsson Atif Qureshi Björn Skarpås Peter Svahn Anna Sävneby Eva Åström Anna Sahlberg Aino Fianu-Jonasson Jérémie Gautier Jean-Marc Costa Bo Jacobsson Kypros Nicolaides 《黑龙江环境通报》2019,39(11):1011-1015
80.