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41.
Recycling of kitchen garbage is an urgent task for reducing public spending and environmental burdens by incineration and/or landfill. There is an interesting regional effort in Ogawa, Saitama prefecture, Japan, in which source-separated kitchen garbage is anaerobically fermented with a biogas plant and the resultant effluent is used as a quick-release organic fertilizer by surrounding farmers. However, scientific assessments of fertilizer values and risks in the use of the effluent were lacking. Thus, a field experiment was conducted from 2003 to 2004 in Tohoku National Agricultural Research Center to grow spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis L. H. Bailey) for evaluating the fertilizer value of the kitchen garbage effluent (KGE), nitrate, coliform group (CG), Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci (FS), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations of KGE and in the soil and the plant leaves. A cattle manure effluent (CME) and chemical fertilizers (NPK) were used as controls. Total nitrogen (N) and ammonium N concentrations of the KGE were 1.47 and 1.46 g kg(-1), respectively. The bacteria tested were detected in both biogas effluents in the order of 2 to 3 log CFU g(-1), but there was little evidence that the biogas effluents increased these bacteria in the soil and the plant leaves. At the rate of 22 g N m(-2), yield, total N uptake, apparent N recovery rate, and leaf nitrate ion concentration at harvest of spinach and komatsuna in the KGE plot were mostly comparable to those in the NPK and CME plots. We conclude that the KGE is a quick-release N fertilizer comparable to chemical fertilizers and does not cause contamination of CG, E. coli, FS, or V. parahaemolyticus in the soil and spinach and komatsuna leaves. 相似文献
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Phenol is degraded by biological treatment, however mineralization requires long time. To decrease the time and operational cost necessary for the mineralization of phenol, an optimum operation condition of the combined biological–photocatalytical treatment was investigated. The mineralization of phenol (50 mg l−1) was conducted in a flow-type biomembrane tank combined with a batch-type TiO2-suspended photocatalytic reactor. Phenol was degraded biologically to the concentration of 6.8 mg l−1, an effective concentration for further photocatalytic treatment. After the biological treatment, the biotreated phenol was treated photocatalytically to complete the mineralization of phenol. The combined treatment shortened the mineralization time compared to the biological treatment and electric cost compared to the photocatalytic treatment only. The combined treatment may be suitable for a short-time mineralization of phenol in wastewater. 相似文献
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Kunio Hara Junichi Homma Kenji Tamura Mariko Inoue Kanae Karita Yoshinori Kondo 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(9):1045-1053
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and fine particulate matter (less than or equal to 2.5 μm: PM2.5) have generally been decreasing for the last decade in Tokyo, Japan. To elucidate the major cause of this decrease, the authors investigated the different trends of airborne particulates (both SPM and PM2.5 concentrations) by evaluating comparisons based on the location of the monitoring stations (roadside vs. ambient), days of the week (weekdays vs. Sundays), and daily fluctuation patterns (2002 vs. 2010). Hourly mean SPM and PM2.5 concentrations were obtained at four monitoring stations (two roadside stations, two ambient stations) in Tokyo, Japan. Annual mean concentrations of each day of the week and of each hour of the day from 2002 to 2010 were calculated. The results showed that (1) the daily differences in annual mean concentration decreased only at the two roadside monitoring stations; (2) the high hourly mean concentrations observed on weekdays during the daily rush hour at the two roadside monitoring stations observed in 2002 diminished in 2010; (3) the SPM concentration that decreased the most since 2002 was the PM2.5 concentration; and (4) the fluctuation of hourly concentrations during weekdays at the two roadside monitoring stations decreased. A decreasing trend of airborne particulates during the daily rush hour in Tokyo, Japan, was observed at the roadside monitoring stations on weekdays since 2002. The decreasing PM2.5 concentration resulted in this decreasing trend of airborne particulate concentrations during the daily rush hours on weekdays, which indicates fewer emissions were produced by diesel vehicles.
ImplicationsThe authors compared the trends of SPM and PM2.5 in Tokyo by location (roadside vs. ambient), days of the week (weekdays vs. Sundays), and daily fluctuation patterns (2002 vs. 2010). The high hourly mean concentrations observed at the roadside location during rush hour on weekdays in 2002 diminished in 2010. The SPM concentration that decreased during rush hour the most was the PM2.5 concentration. This significant decrease in the PM2.5 concentration resulted in the general decreasing trend of SPM concentrations during the rush hours on weekdays, which indicates fewer emissions were produced from diesel vehicles. 相似文献
44.
Jinsart W Kaewmanee C Inoue M Hara K Hasegawa S Karita K Tamura K Yano E 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2012,62(1):64-71
The aims of this study were to determine the particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters > or = 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and 2.5-10 microm (PM10-2.5) exposure levels of drivers and to analyze the proportion of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5 in Bangkok, Thailand. Four bus routes were selected. Measurements were conducted over 10 days in August (rainy season) 2008 and 8 days in January (dry season) 2009. The mean PM2.5 exposure level of the Tuk-tuk drivers was 86 microg/m3 in August and 198 microg/m3 in January. The mean for the non-air-conditioned bus drivers was 63 microg/m3 in August and 125 microg/m3 in January. The PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 exposure levels of the drivers in January were approximately twice as high as those in August. The proportion of total carbon (TC) in PM2.5 to the PM2.5 level in August (0.97 +/- 0.28 microg/m3) was higher than in January (0.65 +/- 0.13 microg/m3). The proportion of OC in the TC of the PM2.5 in August (0.51 +/- 0.08 microg/m3) was similar to that in January (0.65 +/- 0.07 microg/m3). The TC exposure by PM25 in January (81 +/- 30 microg/m3) remained higher than in August (56-21 microg/m3). The mean level of OC in the PM2.5 was 29 +/- 13 microg/m3 in August and 50 +/- 24 microg/m3 in January. In conclusion, the PM exposure level in Bangkok drivers was higher than that in the general environment, which was already high, and it varied with the seasons and vehicle type. This study also demonstrated that the major component of the PM was carbon, likely derived from vehicles. 相似文献
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M. N. A. Bhuiyan Yasuaki Ito Toyoko Demachi Keizo Sugimoto Arata Katayama Tatsuya Hasegawa 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2014,16(2):227-238
Hydrothermal treatment of model food garbage focusing on the effects of additional foreign matter has been performed in subcritical conditions as a pretreatment for the next step, i.e., the bio-processing and production of liquid feed or fertilizer. Using the hydrothermal technique, we studied the temporal change in internal temperature and pressure in a reactor on the elapsed heating time to check the equipment safety in terms of temperature and pressure. The gaseous and water-soluble liquid was also characterized to investigate the feasibility of retrieving valuable chemicals and emitting environmentally hazardous substances. From the changes in the internal temperature and pressure curve, the maximum temperature and pressure were 196 °C and 1.42 MPa for 30-min elapsed heating time, which was below the predefined temperature limits of 200 °C and pressure of 1.55 MPa. No such irregular behavior was observed in the temperature and pressure curve except that it was a little different for the foreign matter detergent, which also was within the limits. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of end products showed that the emitted malodorous substances and chemicals were further below the threshold levels for Japan. 相似文献
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Hidenao Hasegawa Hirofumi Tsukada Hitoshi Kawabata Yuki Chikuchi Yuichi Takaku Shun'ichi Hisamatsu 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Direct deposition of radioactive material onto crops is one important pathway for safety assessment of radionuclides released from nuclear facilities. Foliar uptake of Cs by radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Redchim) was studied by applying droplets of Cs solution (CsCl or CsNO3) on an upper leaf surface. The uptake of Cs was strongly affected by counter anions of Cs in the applied solution. Approximately 80% of Cs was absorbed for CsCl solution, while only 20% was absorbed for CsNO3. The partition of absorbed Cs between leaf and root tuber was quite similar for both Cs compounds, which indicated that behavior of the absorbed Cs in radish was the same for both. 相似文献