Determining reference conditions for TN, TP, SD and Chl-a in eastern plain ecoregion lakes, China

Establishing the nutrient reference condition(baseline environmental condition) of lakes in an ecoregion is a critical consideration in the development of scientifically defensible aquatic nutrient criteria.Three methods were applied to determine reference conditions in the Eastern plain ecoregion lakes with respect to total phosphorus(TP),total nitrogen(TN),planktonic chlorophyll a(Chl-a) and Secchi depth(SD).The reference condition value for the lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion by the trisection method is TP of 0.029 mg/L,TN of 0.67 mg/L,Chl-a of 3.92 mg/m 3,SD of 0.85 m,and the reference condition range by the lake population distribution approach is TP of 0.014-0.043 mg/L,TN of 0.360-0.785 mg/L,Chl-a of 1.78-4.73 mg/m 3,SD of 0.68-1.21 m.Additionally,empirical models were developed for estimating the reference Chl-a concentration and SD successfully for lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion.Overall,the data suggest that multiple methods can be used to determine reference conditions and that in Eastern plain ecoregion lakes the reference condition corresponds to a mesotrophic status.     

Numerical analysis of keyhole geometry and temperature profiles in plasma arc welding

In keyhole plasma arc welding (PAW), the formation of the keyhole involves complicated thermo-physical mechanism. The shape and dimensions of the keyhole directly determine the heat deposition along the thickness direction of the test plates, the penetration depth and the weld bead quality. Based on analysis of the forces acting on the weld pool, a keyhole model is established according to the force-balance condition on the keyhole wall. The shape and dimensions of quasi-steady state keyhole are numerically predicted. The keyhole shape and size are used to calibrate some distribution parameters of the combined volumetric heat source which takes into consideration the geometrical feature of welds with larger ratio of penetration depth to width and volumetric distribution characteristic of the plasma heat intensity along the plate thickness direction. The temperature fields on stainless steel plates are numerically simulated. The calculated fusion line at the transverse cross-section of PAW welds are compared with the experimental measurements. It is found that the predicted results are in agreement with the experimental data.     

Response of PM2.5-bound elemental species to emission variations and associated health risk assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic in a coastal megacity

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects. In this study, the impact of emission variations on PM_2.5-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic. Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown. After the lockdown, they rebounded rapidly, of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown, suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities. Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling. Coal combustion accounted for more than 70% of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown. Shipping emissions, fugitive/mineral dust, and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ. Whereas, the total carcinogenic risk (TR) for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children. Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ, while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR. Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk. From the perspective of health effects, priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration, manufacture processing, and coal combustion. A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.     

Source apportionment of perfluoroalkyl substances in surface sediments from lakes in Jiangsu Province, China: Comparison of three receptor models

Receptor models have been proved as useful tools to identify source categories and quantitatively calculate the contributions of extracted sources.In this study,sixty surface sediment samples were collected from fourteen lakes in Jiangsu Province,China.The total concentrations of C_4–C_(14)-perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(∑_(12)PFASs) in sediments ranged from 0.264 to 4.44 ng/g dw(dry weight),with an average of 1.76 ng/g dw.Three commonly-applied receptor models,namely principal component analysis-multiple linear regression(PCA-MLR),positive matrix factorization(PMF) and Unmix models,were employed to apportion PFAS sources in sediments.Overall,these three models all could well track the ∑_(12) PFASs concentrations as well as the concentrations explained in sediments.These three models identified consistently four PFAS sources:the textile treatment sources,the fluoropolymer processing aid/fluororesin coating sources,the textile treatment/metal plating sources and the precious metal sources,contributing 28.1%,37.0%,29.7% and 5.3% by PCA-MLR model,30.60%,39.3%,22.4% and 7.7% by PMF model,and 20.6%,52.4%,20.2% and 6.8% by Unmix model to the ∑_(12) PFASs,respectively.Comparative statistics of multiple analytical methods could minimize individual-method weaknesses and provide convergent results to enhance the persuasiveness of the conclusions.The findings could give us a better knowledge of PFAS sources in aquatic environments.     

水利工程背景下河流水华暴发成因分析及模拟研究

研究发现,河流水华暴发的主要驱动因素除受过量营养盐摄入、气候变化导致的气温上升和降雨等限制外,水文情势的影响尤为显著.在高强度人类活动影响下,水利工程开发导致的水文情势改变是否为河流水华加剧的成因之一,是水与环境学科交叉研究亟待探索的一个重要应用基础问题.通过对近10年来国内外在水利工程背景下河流水华暴发成因研究进展的综述,辨识了河流水华发生的"水循环-水环境-水生态"相互作用关系;对考虑水文变化的河流水华预测统计学模型、智能算法和水质水量耦合机理模型等进行了回顾和总结,并提出了基于水循环物理过程联系的生物及生物地球化学过程、社会经济用水与管理人文过程等与河流水华发生相互作用与反馈的水系统论研究体系.当前我国水利工程调水影响区下的河流水华问题研究仍面临着一些难点和挑战:① 过去关于水利工程调水对河流中下游水生态的影响研究多数是基于情景假设和规划条件下的预断,随着近年来我国多个大型水利工程的正式实施运行,当前以实际工程调水为背景（如南水北调、引江济汉工程等）开展水华模拟的研究成果仍然十分有限;② 水利工程调水影响区下的河流水华发生机理尚不明确,当前多数藻类生长模型并没有将流域水循环过程影响纳入考虑因素,对河流生态水文过程作用机理与耦合及定量关系分析方面的研究相对匮乏;③ 现阶段水利工程背景下的河流水华问题研究多停留在定性分析和宏观定量阶段,缺乏基于以水系统理论为导向的水生态系统与河流水文情势共同作用机制的定量化研究.      

居民对室内空气质量安全认知程度的调查研究

为了解山西省城市居民对室内空气质量安全的认知情况和室内空气质量现状,在山西省太原、大同、晋城和吕梁随机选取786户居民进行问卷调查,并对有检测意愿的86户居民进行室内甲醛含量检测.结果表明,山西省居民室内空气质量安全认知得分15.37,得分率为51%;山西省居民平均室内甲醛浓度(0.197 mg/m3)超过国家标准(0.1 mg/m3);四市中太原市的情况最好.山西省居民在室内空气质量安全方面的认知水平和室内空气质量都不高,为保障山西省居民健康,应对山西省城市居民进行室内空气质量安全知识的普及.     

城市餐厨垃圾资源化处理必要性研究

随着中国城市经济快速增长,餐厨垃圾产出量日益增多。不科学的处理不仅会造成环境污染、危害人民身体健康,同时也是对资源的巨大浪费。通过对国内外餐厨垃圾处理现状对比及对兰州市餐厨垃圾资源化处理现状的分析,提出国内城市对餐厨垃圾进行资源化处理的必要性。     

Effects of field application of phosphate fertilizers on the availability and uptake of lead, zinc and cadmium by cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) in a mining tailing contaminated soil

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in a soil contaminated by mining tailings in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Three commercial phosphate (P) fertilizers including phosphate rock (PR), calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), and single superphosphate (SSP) were applied to the plot at three P application rates, 50, 300, and 500 g/m2 with 9 treatments and control (CK). Plants, water soluble and exchangeable (WE) extra...     

微宇宙系统中氯苯的生物强化处理

将分离出的一株降解氯苯的高效土著菌Acinetobacter calcoaceticus和自然材料组成微宇宙系统,通过改变系统组成、重金属和营养物添加水平、悬浮物浓度以及温度,研究了系统中氯苯的去除机制.结果表明,微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除主要是加入菌株的降解作用;加入降解菌后,8d内系统中氯苯的去除率可达到98.3%.底泥和光照对微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除具有明显的促进作用(p0.05).悬浮物在实验前期对氯苯的去除产生明显的促进作用.微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除率随着温度的升高而增加,30.0℃条件下培养7d后,氯苯的去除率可达95.4%;10.0℃和15.0℃下培养14d后,氯苯的去除率分别为43.4%和68.5%.营养盐加入比例达1.0%时,可明显促进氯苯的去除.Cd2+和Hg2+浓度达到10.0mg·L-1时,可对系统中氯苯的去除率产生显著(p0.05、p0.01)降低作用.研究结果可为突发性事故造成的氯苯污染水体的微生物修复提供基本的理论和实践依据.     

广东省低碳城市评价体系研究

以广东省21个地级市为研究对象,根据低碳发展理念与目标,结合广东省的低碳发展路径,选取与低碳城市发展密切相关的14个基础指标,构建广东省低碳城市评价指标体系进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)广东省低碳城市评价较好的城市主要有广州、深圳、珠海、佛山、惠州等。(2)参与评价的城市得分均较高,整体上具备良好发展势头。(3)排名越靠后的城市,制约指标越多,新能源与可再生能源比例是广东省低碳发展最受制约的指标。(4)单位土地面积碳排放量指标各城市间的反差最大,主要是由于各城市的市域面积不一,能源消费与经济发展不平均而造成的。