珠三角城市群PM2.5和O3污染特征及VOCs组分敏感性分析

系统分析了珠三角城市群PM_2.5、O₃和挥发性有机物（VOCs）的污染特征,并筛选出对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）和O₃影响较大的敏感性组分。结果显示:珠三角城市群PM_2.5和O₃浓度的季节变化具有明显差异,PM_2.5和O₃分别在1月和10月出现浓度最高值。珠三角城市群VOCs主要以烷烃为主,占比为64.2%,其次为芳香烃和烯烃,含量较高的组分为丁烷、异戊烷、异丁烷和环己烷。SOA生成潜势贡献主要以芳香烃为主,占比为78.5%,其中甲苯、间,对-二甲苯和乙苯的SOA生成潜势最大。O₃生成潜势主要以烯烃为主,占比为42.3%,其次为芳香烃（34.2%）和烷烃（23.5%）,其中丙烯、异戊二烯和1-丁烯的O₃生成潜势最大。为有效缓解珠三角城市群PM_2.5和O₃污染,建议优先对机动车尾气、溶剂挥发、涂料使用和石化行业的VOCs敏感组分进行控制。     

Effect of NOx and SO2 on the photooxidation of methylglyoxal: Implications in secondary aerosol formation

Methylglyoxal(CH_3COCHO,MG),which is one of the most abundant α-dicarbonyl compounds in the atmosphere,has been reported as a major source of secondary organic aerosol(SOA).In this work,the reaction of MG with hydroxyl radicals was studied in a 500 L smog chamber at(293±3) K,atmospheric pressure,(18±2)% relative humidity,and under different NOx and SO_2.Particle size distribution was measured by using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) and the results showed that the addition of SO_2 can promote SOA formation,while different NOx concentrations have different influences on SOA production.High NOx suppressed the SOA formation,whereas the particle mass concentration,particle number concentration and particle geometric mean diameter increased with the increasing NOx concentration at low NOx concentration in the presence of SO_2.In addition,the products of the OH-initiated oxidation of MG and the functional groups of the particle phase in the MG/OH/SO_2 and MG/OH/NOx/SO_2 reaction systems were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and attenuated total reflection fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR) analysis.Two products,glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid,were detected by GC-MS.The mechanism of the reaction of MG and OH radicals that follows two main pathways,H atom abstraction and hydration,is proposed.Evidence is provided for the formation of organic nitrates and organic sulfate in particle phase from IR spectra.Incorporation of NOx and SO_2 influence suggested that SOA formation from anthropogenic hydrocarbons may be more efficient in polluted environment.     

Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis using an observation-based model in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta Region of China

Ground-level ozone (O₃) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in Yangtze River Delta region of China. In this study, we present O₃ pollution characteristics based on one-year online measurements during 2016 at an urban site in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. Then, the sensitivity of O₃ to its precursors during 2 O₃ pollution episodes in August was analyzed using a box model based on observation (OBM). The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of hydrocarbons was larger than other precursors, suggesting that hydrocarbons played the dominant role in O₃ formation. The RIR values for NO_X ranged from –0.41%/% to 0.19%/%. The O₃ sensitivity was also analyzed based on relationship of simulated O₃ production rates with reductions of VOC and NO_X derived from scenario analyses. Simulation results illustrate that O₃ formation was between VOCs-limited and transition regime. Xylenes and light alkenes were found to be key species in O₃ formation according to RIR values, and their sources were determined using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Paints and solvent use was the largest contributor to xylenes (54%), while petrochemical industry was the most important source to propene (82%). Discussions on VOCs and NO_X reduction schemes suggest that the 5% O₃ control goal can be achieved by reducing VOCs by 20%. To obtain 10% O₃ control goal, VOCs need to be reduced by 30% with VOCs/NO_X larger than 3:1.     

Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity. In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious, the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong. The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review about the emission rate, emission inventory, research methods, the influencing factors of BVOCs emissions, as well as their impacts on atmospheric environment quality and human health in recent years in Asia based on the summary and analysis of literatures. It is suggested to use field direct measurement method to obtain the emission rate and model method to calculate the emission amount. Several recommendations are given for future investigation and policy development on BVOCs emission.     

餐厨垃圾生物有机肥对贫瘠黄褐土改良的研究

为了阐明餐厨垃圾生物有机肥改良贫瘠土壤的作用机制,以贫瘠黄褐土为研究对象,通过不施肥、长期（>5 a）施用化肥、中长期（5 a）施用少量餐厨垃圾生物有机肥和短期（1 a）施用大量餐厨垃圾生物有机肥4种施肥方式,分别记为CK组、CF组、LOF-5组和MOF-1组,对比分析不同施肥方式对土壤OM（有机质）、活性有机碳、营养元素和团聚体等的影响.结果表明:①施用餐厨垃圾生物有机肥可显著提高土壤OM、活性有机碳含量,其中,MOF-1组提高效果最显著,与CK组相比,w（OM）可提高173.29%,w（ROC）（ROC为易氧化有机碳）增加了39.17%,w（POC）（POC为颗粒有机碳）和w（DOC）（DOC为可溶性有机碳）分别是CK组的13.85和10.32倍.②中长期（5 a）施用少量餐厨垃圾生物有机肥可增加土壤中较大粒径团聚体的占比,且更有利于提高土壤团粒结构的稳定性,LOF-5组>2 mm粒级的团聚体占比是CK组的4.68倍;与CK组相比,LOF-5组MWD（平均重量直径）增加了100.00%,GMD（几何平均直径）增加了82.98%,>0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体质量占比（DR_0.25）增加了27.20%.③中长期（5 a）施用少量餐厨垃圾生物有机肥可增加土壤中w（TN）（TN为全氮）和w（AN）（AN为速效氮）,与CK组相比,LOF-5组w（TN）和w（AN）分别增加了77.42%和20.82%.施用餐厨垃圾有机肥也可同时增加土壤中w（AP）（AP为速效磷）和w（AK）（AK为速效钾）,MOF-1组增加效果较佳,w（AP）和w（AK）分别是CK组的9.43和3.39倍.研究显示,中长期（5 a）施用少量餐厨垃圾生物有机肥可提升土壤固碳能力,提高土壤养分利用的有效性,从而提升耕地土壤质量,减少化肥施用量,是我国贫瘠黄褐土改良的有效施肥模式.      

厦门市冬季PM2.5污染情境识别及其与气象条件的关系

为研究厦门市冬季不同PM_2.5污染情境与气象条件和气团轨迹路径特征的关系,结合PM_2.5观测数据,使用AGAGE（Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment）统计方法识别2014—2018年冬季厦门市PM_2.5观测值、基线值和污染值情境,通过气象数据统计和气团后向轨迹聚类对不同PM_2.5污染情境下气象条件和气团轨迹路径特征进行探究.结果表明:①厦门市冬季不同PM_2.5污染情境下,ρ（PM_2.5）及PM_2.5污染值情境时长占比均呈波动中下降的趋势,具体表现为冬季PM_2.5观测值、污染值和基线值情境下,ρ（PM_2.5）平均值分别从2014年的42.2、90.7、16.4 μg/m3降至2018年的26.3、56.9、8.8 μg/m3,冬季PM_2.5污染值情境时长占比从2014年的10.2%降至2018年的3.0%.②冬季PM_2.5污染值情境下气象要素呈低风速、低气压、高温度、高相对湿度的特征.③冬季到达厦门市的气团轨迹路径中,局地路径由于大气条件稳定易累积形成PM_2.5污染;偏北路径和西北路径易从临近省份携带污染物输入导致PM_2.5污染,属于重要的外源污染输入路径;沿海路径和偏西路径均属于清洁路径,但沿海路径易在福建省北部与偏北路径重合形成污染输入,加强了偏北路径的污染物输送能力.研究显示,近年来厦门市冬季PM_2.5污染有明显减弱趋势,但不利的气象条件和外来污染输入仍会造成PM_2.5污染的发生.      

不同制备温度下污泥生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性

以城市剩余污泥为原料,于300,400,500,600 ℃温度条件下制备生物炭,通过单因素静态吸附实验探讨制备温度对生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。结果表明:在500 ℃以内随着温度上升制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量增加,制备温度高于500 ℃后变化不明显;扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积（BET）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）表征结果显示,热解温度对生物炭表面形貌和官能团组成有显著影响;等温模型及动力学拟合结果表明,生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）为单分子层吸附、物理-化学复合吸附。热解温度对污泥制备生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的性能有显著影响,最佳制备温度为500 ℃,在此条件制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的理论吸附量可达7.93 mg/g。     

应用改良型水质综合指数法评价饮用水水质

应用1套改良型水质综合指数法对3种不同类型的饮用水水质进行评价。将选取的26项检测指标按照卫生学意义分为5大类,并对各分类指标赋权。选用内梅罗法和最差因子判别法与五色等级分级法结合对2017年4—8月的3种类型饮用水进行水质评价。除7月和8月的管网水水质为2级（水质综合指数>0.5,蓝色）以外,其余月份的出水水质均达到1级（绿色）评价标准。不同类型饮用水中对水质综合指数影响最大的水质分类指标均是有机污染指标。2种不同类型的净水机出水水质均优于管网末梢水,但需注意个别指标的污染。     

生物气溶胶的吸湿性

归纳了有关气溶胶吸湿性的测量方法以及过去近30a来文献中报道的生物气溶胶吸湿性的主要研究成果,总结了不同种类生物气溶胶之间吸湿性的差异.已有研究表明,绝大部分的生物气溶胶粒子都具有一定的吸湿性,当相对湿度为90%时,吸湿增长因子约为1.04（真菌孢子）~1.22（细菌）,花粉颗粒物吸湿后的质量与之前的比值为1.30~1.55.最后,提出了目前关于生物气溶胶吸湿性研究中尚未解决的科学问题及该领域的主要发展方向.     

污泥与不同pH值渗滤液联合厌氧发酵产氢分析

以污泥与垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液为原料,通过小瓶批式试验,考察了垃圾渗滤液的添加量以及渗滤液初始pH对联合厌氧消化产氢的影响。结果表明:未添加污泥的渗滤液本身也可以在厌氧发酵过程中产氢。而污泥与垃圾渗滤液联合厌氧发酵,当渗滤液初始pH为5.20时,添加90%的渗滤液体系产氢量最大,为201.58 mL,最大产氢速率也最高,为9.56 mL/h;当初始渗滤液pH为4.47时,最大产氢量出现在渗滤液添加剂量为60%的样品,为57.73 mL,随后减小,但最大产氢速率在添加40%的渗滤液达到峰值,为5.11 mL/h。