几种观赏型沉水植物对富营养化蓝绿藻类的抑制作用

一些大型沉水植物种类的存在对"水华"藻类的生长具有抑制作用,其主要机制是水生高等植物不仅与藻类竞争营养、光照和生长空间等生态资源,而且还可以向水中分泌具有抑制藻类生长的化感物质。通过连续滴加种植水的方式研究了3种观赏型沉水植物矮慈菇(Sagittaria pygmaea Miq)、杉叶藻(Hippuris vulgaris.)、石龙尾(Limnophila heterophylla)对5种富营养化淡水藻,蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aerugnasa)、纤维席藻(Phormidium tenue);绿藻:衣藻(Chlamy domonas sajao)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quaclricauda)、小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的抑制作用。研究结果表明:(1)矮慈菇种植水对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻、纤维席藻的生长没有影响,对小球藻的生长具有促进作用,对衣藻的生长具有明显的抑制作用;(2)杉叶藻种植水小球藻、衣藻和纤维席藻的生长没有影响,对四尾栅藻的生长具有促进作用,对铜绿微囊藻生长具有明显的抑制作用;(3)石龙尾种植水对小球藻、四尾栅藻、纤维席藻都具有明显的抑制作用,对铜绿微囊藻的生长没有影响,对衣藻的生长具有促进作用。3种沉水植物中,石龙尾的抑藻能力最强,矮慈菇和杉叶藻次之,石龙尾的化感抑藻效应更具有广谱性,在富营养化水体中与蓝绿藻类的竞争更具有优势,比较适用于改善城市景观水体水环境质量。     

复合优势菌技术处理M废水

以某厂橡胶促进剂M废水为研究对象，通过常规生物处理工艺与复合优势菌生物处理工艺对该废水处理效果的比较，认为复合优势菌生物处理工艺是目前处理M废水的最佳工艺。     

海洋酸化与重金属、有机污染物和人工纳米颗粒的联合毒性效应研究进展

由于大量人类活动的影响,大气CO_2浓度持续增加,其中约1/3被海洋吸收,导致表层海水pH值降低和碳酸盐平衡体系波动,即"海洋酸化"现象。污染物的海洋环境效应一直是全球环境科学领域研究的热点。在实际环境中,海洋酸化往往与污染物共同存在并作用于海洋生态系统,且海洋酸化极有可能改变污染物的海洋环境行为从而影响其毒性效应。但现有研究大多针对海洋酸化或者污染物单独作用下的毒性效应展开,对海洋酸化与污染物的联合毒性效应的研究不足、亟待加强。为此,综述了近年来海洋酸化与典型污染物(重金属、有机污染物)及新型污染物(人工纳米颗粒)的相关文献,重点阐述了海洋酸化对污染物环境行为的影响和海洋酸化与污染物对海洋生物的联合毒性效应,指出当前的研究不足,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

利用纤维二糖的酵母工程菌构建

以扣囊复膜孢酵母染色体DNA为模板,通过PCR方法扩增到其β-葡萄糖苷酶基因bgl1,经EcoRⅠ、BamHⅠ双酶切并和经相同酶切的穿梭表达载体pYX212连接,构建了重组质粒pYX-sbgl,转化酿酒酵母W 303-1A,bgl1基因获得了活性表达,β-葡萄糖苷酶活力为0.504 IU/mL.转化子能以纤维二糖为唯一碳源生长,并能应用于同时糖化和发酵纤维素底物生产乙醇,使乙醇产量较宿主酵母有了一定的提高.图6表1参14     

A nonparametric procedure for analyzing repeated measures of spatially correlated data

Many agricultural, biological, and environmental studies involve detecting temporal changes of a response variable, based on data observed at sampling sites in a spatial region and repeatedly over several time points. That is, data are repeated measures over time and are potentially correlated across space. The traditional repeated-measures analysis allows for time dependence but assumes that the observations at different sampling sites are mutually independent, which may not be suitable for field data that are correlated across space. In this paper, a nonparametric large-sample inference procedure is developed to assess the time effects while accounting for the spatial dependence using a block bootstrap. For illustration, the methodology is applied to describe the population changes of root-lesion nematodes over time in a production field in Wisconsin.     

芜湖市郊土壤污染对土壤动物群落结构的影响

研究表明，芜湖市郊农田土壤动物群落的组成与数量随污染程度的加重而减少，土壤动物密度也呈同样的变化趋势，特别是中小型土壤动物，优势类群数量发生较大消长，常见类群和稀有类群的组成逐渐减少．多样性指数H与重金属污染程度之间关系因受到季节的影响而变得复杂：冬季和初夏污染较重样地优势类群数量减少，群落均匀性指数E增加而优势度指数C减小，多样性指数H较高；而春季处于过渡阶段，某些类群(如螨类)数量爆发，C增高，H较小．土壤动物群落密度一类群指数DG随污染加重而减小．受到重金属污染的农田土壤动物的表聚性减弱，甚至出现逆分布现象．图1表4参15     

Nitrogen export from an agriculture watershed in the Taihu Lake area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8-43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO(3-)-N + NH4+-N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

矿山开采非线性沉陷学说初论

讨论基于岩体工程属性和矿山开采沉陷本质特征而建立非线性沉陷学说的正确性和可行性;总结了近年来笔者在非线性沉陷问题方面所做的大量实验、现场勘测、研究和取得的成果：采动岩体的非线性破坏特征、开采沉陷的Ｄａｍ ａｇｅ效应、采动岩体分形裂隙网络及演化规律、开采沉陷的协同效应和自组织过程、采动岩体层裂的突变机理、采动断层活化的分形界面效应、地表下沉的“Ｓ”型分形增长规律;提出了建立基于矿山开采非线性沉陷机理、规律的预测模型和防治对策及非线性沉陷学的学术思想     

中国东部季风区末次冰期以来古气候模拟

通过对我国东部季风区现代青土样品孢粉组合与气候因子间的回归分析,分别建立了孢粉组合与一月,七月气温和年降水量的转换函数,进而建立了本区末次冰期以来的孢粉－气候数据库,模拟末次冰期盛冰期,消冰期,全新世前北方期－北方期,大西洋期,亚北方期等五个古气候期的冬季和夏季温度场,降水场。     

三峡库区坡耕地利用与水土保持种植制

三峡库区耕地资源十分有限,且坡耕地占有相当大的比重,陡坡地多,在不良的耕作方式下肥力低下,水土流失十分严重在分析三峡库区自然条件与坡耕地资源特点的基础上,讨论了坡耕地种植制度与土壤侵蚀的关系,提出通过合理搭配作物种类进行多熟制间套作,一年生农作物与多年生经饲作物间作及农作物与木本植物等高间作等手段来建立坡耕地水土保持种植制,从而达到减轻土 蚀之目的。