Dynamics and Causation of Environmental Equity, Locally Unwanted Land Uses, and Neighborhood Changes

/ Why are some environmental risks distributed disproportionately in the neighborhoods of the minorities and the poor? A hypothesis was proposed in a recent study that market dynamics contributed to the current environmental inequity. That is, locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) make the host communities home to more poor people and people of color. This hypothesis was allegedly supported by a Houston case study, whereby its author analyzed the postsiting changes of the socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhoods surrounding solid waste facilities. I argue that such an analysis of postsiting changes alone is insufficient to test the causation hypothesis. Instead, I propose a conceptual framework for analysis of environmental equity dynamics and causation. I suggest that the presiting neighborhood dynamics and the characteristics of control neighborhoods be analyzed as the first test for the causation hypothesis. Furthermore, I present theories of neighborhood change and then examine alternative hypotheses that these theories offer for explaining neighborhood changes and for the roles of LULUs in neighborhood changes. These alternative hypotheses should be examined when analyzing the relationship between LULUs and neighborhood changes in a metropolitan area. Using this framework of analysis, I revisited the Houston case. First, I found no evidence that provided support for the hypothesis that the presence of LULUs made the neighborhoods home to more blacks and poor people, contrary to the conclusion made by the previous study. Second, I examined alternative hypotheses for explaining neighborhood changes-invasion-succession, other push forces, and neighborhood life-cycle; the former two might offer better explanation.KEY WORDS: Environmental equity and justice; Locally unwanted lane uses; Siting; Market dynamics; Invasion-succession; Neighborhood changes     

2004年10-12月全球灾害录

10月2日低温气流突袭湖北武汉,全市狂风不止气温骤降。 台湾红火蚁灾情蔓延,全台5个县市受灾。 3日泰国发现全亚洲首例狗感染禽流感病例。 5日江西一煤矿发生瓦斯爆炸事故,造成9人死亡。 7日广西出现罕见的局部严重干旱,67万亩农田出现旱情。 8日久晴不雨的湘江中游出现了秋季最低水位。 9日鹤矿集团十三化工公司雷管车间发生爆炸,13人伤亡。 10日湖北一学校发生食物中毒事件,34名学生人院治疗。 11日水资源占全国1乃的长江流域污水处理率仅为1明毛。 16日罗马尼亚一3岁雌黑熊肇事,导致l死10伤。 19日四川宝兴县发生岩体垮塌事故,死亡9人失…     

Effect of combined addition amount of nano zero-valent iron and biochar on methane production by anaerobic digestion of corn straw

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an attractive straw resource treatment technology as it can improve the utilization efficiency of straw resource. Raw straw...     

上海地区大气中氯化氢和颗粒氯排放源清单初步研究

氯自由基对于臭氧和二次气溶胶的生成贡献不容忽视.夜间颗粒相氯(Cl~-)可以通过与N_2O_5的复杂反应转化生成ClNO_2,其光解产生的氯自由基将显著影响大气污染的形成机制.本文以上海地区为案例,以2017年为基准年,收集了人为源活动水平数据,采用排放系数估算方法,首次建立了上海地区人为源氯化氢(HCl)和颗粒氯(Cl~-)的排放清单;并进一步结合模型计算海盐气溶胶排放的颗粒氯(Cl~-).结果表明,2017年上海市人为源和天然源排放的HCl和Cl~-分别为1207 t和820 t,其中,燃煤、工业、垃圾焚烧和秸秆燃烧产生的HCl排放量分别为327、134、722和24 t.燃煤源中的燃煤电厂和其它行业燃烧约占燃煤源排放的80%;工业源中水泥为HCl的最大排放源,约占工业源排放的51%;垃圾焚烧厂排放约占总HCl排放的60%,为最大的HCl排放源.燃煤、工业源、垃圾焚烧、秸秆焚烧、烹饪源和海盐的颗粒Cl~-排放量分别为82、153、498、47、39和0.6 t,燃煤源中的燃煤电厂占燃煤Cl~-排放的40%,供热、其他行业和家庭燃烧分别占燃煤Cl~-排放的24%、22%和14%;钢铁行业为工业源的主要Cl~-排放源,约占工业源排放的90%,垃圾焚烧厂占全部Cl~-排放的61%,烹饪源中餐饮企业为最主要排放源,占烹饪源的70%;天然源海盐的排放量极少,未占到总排放的1%.从空间分布来看,浦东新区、宝山、普陀、松江和金山排放的HCl和Cl~-占到全市人为源总排放的80%,为主要的HCl和Cl~-排放区域.本文研究建立的上海地区大气中氯化氢和颗粒氯排放源清单,对于深入研究氯化学机制对二次污染的影响提供了重要的数据参考.     

Preparation of hydrophobic hierarchical pore carbon–silica composite and its adsorption performance toward volatile organic compounds

Carbon–silica materials with hierarchical pores consisting of micropores and mesopores were prepared by introducing nanocarbon microspheres derived from biomass sugar into silica gel channels in a hydrothermal environment.The physicochemical properties of the materials were characterized by nitrogen physical adsorption(BET),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and thermogravimetric(TG),and the adsorption properties of various organic waste gases were investigated.The results showed that microporous carbon materials were introduced successfully into the silica gel channels,thus showing the high adsorption capacity of activated carbon in high humidity organic waste gas,and the high stability and mechanical strength of the silica gel.The dynamic adsorption behavior confirmed that the carbon–silica material had excellent adsorption capacity for different volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Furthermore,the carbon–silica material exhibited excellent desorption characteristics:adsorbed toluene was completely desorbed at 150℃,thereby showing superior regeneration characteristics.Both features were attributed to the formation of hierarchical pores.     

Aerosol optical properties under different pollution levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China

To clarify the aerosol hygroscopic growth and optical properties of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,integrated observations were conducted in Heshan City of Guangdong Province from October 19 to November 17,2014.The concentrations and chemical compositions of PM_(2.5),aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters were measured.The mean value of PM_(2.5) increased from less than 35(excellent) to 35-75 μg/m~3(good) and then to greater than 75 μg/m~3(pollution),corresponding to mean PM_(2.5) values of 24.9,51.2,and 93.3 μg/m~3,respectively.The aerosol scattering hygroscopic growth factor(f(RH = 80%)) values were 2.0,2.12,and 2.18 for the excellent,good,and pollution levels,respectively.The atmospheric extinction coefficient(σext)and the absorption coefficient of aerosols(σ_(ap)) increased,and the single scattering albedo(SSA)decreased from the excellent to the pollution levels.For different air mass sources,under excellent and good levels,the land air mass from northern Heshan had lower f(RH) and σ_(sp) values.In addition,the mixed aerosol from the sea and coastal cities had lower f(RH) and showed that the local sources of coastal cities have higher scattering characteristics in pollution periods.     

Acceleration of floc-water separation and floc reduction with magnetic nanoparticles during demulsification of complex waste cutting emulsions

Waste cutting emulsions are difficult to treat efficiently owing to their complex composition and stable emulsified structure. As an important treatment method for emulsions, chemical demulsification is faced with challenges such as low flocs–water separation rates and high sludge production. Hence, in this study, Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used to enhance chemical demulsification performance for treating waste cutting emulsions under a magnetic field. The addition of MNPs significantly decreased the time required to attain sludge–water separation and sludge compression equilibrium, from 210 to 20 min. In addition, the volume percentage of sludge produced at the equilibrium state was reduced from 45% to 10%. This excellent flocculation–separation performance was stable over a pH range of 3–11. The magnetization of the flocculants and oil droplets to form a flocculant–MNP–oil droplet composite, and the magnetic transfer of the composite were two key processes that enhanced the separation of cutting emulsions. Specifically, the interactions among MNPs, flocculants, and oil droplets were important in the magnetization process, which was controlled by the structures and properties of the three components. Under the magnetic field, the magnetized flocculant–MNP–oil droplet composites were considerably accelerated and separated from water, and the sludge was simultaneously compressed. Thus, this study expands the applicability of magnetic separation techniques in the treatment of complex waste cutting emulsions.     

干湿法结合工艺回收废弃SCR脱硝催化剂中的钛、钒和钨

利用干湿法结合工艺实现废弃SCR脱硝催化剂中Ti、V和W元素的高效分离和浸出,提出成套废弃SCR脱硝催化剂中Ti、V和W的回收技术。以废弃SCR脱硝催化剂为研究对象,优选Ti、V和W元素最佳浸出工况,研究硫酸溶解法回收TiO₂和有机萃取法回收V₂O₅和WO₃的回收率与纯度。结果表明:酸浸还原浸钒最优工艺条件为温度140℃,液固比30∶1;钠化焙烧浸钨最优工艺条件为煅烧温度750℃,反应物与Na₂CO₃配比（质量比）为1∶1.5,在以上条件下V、W浸出率分别达到97.6%、93.6%。利用硫酸溶解法回收得到的TiO₂产物主要以锐钛矿晶型存在形式,在最佳焙烧温度750℃下,TiO₂回收率达到97.17%,纯度为95.35%。利用有机萃取法回收得到的V₂O₅和WO₃产物的回收率和纯度分别为72.47%、75.43%和93.25%、78.26%。     

Regulated emission characteristics of in-use LNG and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles under real driving conditions using PEMS

On-road driving emissions of six liquefied natural gas(LNG) and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles(STTVs) which met China Emission Standard IV and V were tested using Portable Emission Measurement System(PEMS) in northern China.Emission characteristics of these vehicles under real driving conditions were analyzed and proved that on-road emissions of heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs) were underestimated in the past.There were large differences among LNG and diesel vehicles, which also existed between China V vehicles and China IV vehicles.Emission factors showed the highest level under real driving conditions, which probably be caused by frequent acceleration, deceleration, and start-stop.NOx emission factors ranged from 2.855 to 20.939 g/km based on distance-traveled and 6.719–90.557 g/kg based on fuel consumption during whole tests, which were much higher than previous researches on chassis dynamometer.It was inferred from tests that the fuel consumption rate of the test vehicles had a strong correlation with NOx emission, and the exhaust temperature also affected the efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction(SCR) aftertreatment system, thus changing the NOx emission greatly.THC emission factors of LNG vehicles were 2.012–10.636 g/km, which were much higher than that of diesel vehicles(0.029–0.185 g/km).Unburned CH_4 may be an important reason for this phenomenon.Further on-road emission tests, especially CH_4 emission test should be carried out in subsequent research.In addition, the Particulate Number(PN) emission factors of diesel vehicles were at a very high level during whole tests, and Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF)should be installed to reduce PN emission.     

Role of glycine on sulfuric acid-ammonia clusters formation: Transporter or participator

Glycine(Gly) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and plays a vital role in new particle formation(NPF).However,the potential mechanism of its on sulfuric acid(SA)-ammonia(A)clusters formation under various atmospheric conditions is still ambiguous.Herein,a(Gly)_x·(SA)_y·(A)_z(z≤x+y≤3) multicomponent system was investigated by using density functional theory(DFT) combined with Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code(ACDC) at different temperatures and precursor concentrations.The results show that Gly,with one carboxyl(-COOH) and one amine(-NH_2) group,can interact strongly with SA and A in two directions through hydrogen bonds or proton transfer.Within the relevant range of atmospheric concentrations,Gly can enhance the formation rate of SA-A-based clusters,especially at low temperature,low [SA],and median [A].The enhancement(R) of Gly on NPF can be up to 340 at T=218.15 K,[SA]=10~4,[A]=10~9,and [Gly]=10~7 molecules/cm~3.In addition,the main growth paths of clusters show that Gly molecules participate into cluster formation in the initial stage and eventually leave the cluster by evaporation in subsequent cluster growth at low [Gly],it acts as an important "transporter" to connect the smaller and larger cluster.With the increase of [Gly],it acts as a "participator" directly participating in NPF.