全文获取类型
收费全文 | 336篇 |
免费 | 4篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 13篇 |
废物处理 | 12篇 |
环保管理 | 52篇 |
综合类 | 42篇 |
基础理论 | 92篇 |
污染及防治 | 95篇 |
评价与监测 | 13篇 |
社会与环境 | 22篇 |
灾害及防治 | 3篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 3篇 |
2018年 | 2篇 |
2017年 | 7篇 |
2016年 | 7篇 |
2015年 | 7篇 |
2014年 | 11篇 |
2013年 | 65篇 |
2012年 | 12篇 |
2011年 | 13篇 |
2010年 | 12篇 |
2009年 | 7篇 |
2008年 | 12篇 |
2007年 | 17篇 |
2006年 | 17篇 |
2005年 | 17篇 |
2004年 | 12篇 |
2003年 | 11篇 |
2002年 | 16篇 |
2001年 | 8篇 |
2000年 | 5篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 3篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 1篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 2篇 |
1933年 | 1篇 |
1931年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有344条查询结果,搜索用时 312 毫秒
51.
Amanda Xuereb Cassidy C. D'Aloia Marco Andrello Louis Bernatchez Marie-Josée Fortin 《Conservation biology》2021,35(3):909-920
The availability of genomic data for an increasing number of species makes it possible to incorporate evolutionary processes into conservation plans. Recent studies show how genetic data can inform spatial conservation prioritization (SCP), but they focus on metrics of diversity and distinctness derived primarily from neutral genetic data sets. Identifying adaptive genetic markers can provide important information regarding the capacity for populations to adapt to environmental change. Yet, the effect of including metrics based on adaptive genomic data into SCP in comparison to more widely used neutral genetic metrics has not been explored. We used existing genomic data on a commercially exploited species, the giant California sea cucumber (Parastichopus californicus), to perform SCP for the coastal region of British Columbia (BC), Canada. Using a RAD-seq data set for 717 P. californicus individuals across 24 sampling locations, we identified putatively adaptive (i.e., candidate) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on genotype–environment associations with seafloor temperature. We calculated various metrics for both neutral and candidate SNPs and compared SCP outcomes with independent metrics and combinations of metrics. Priority areas varied depending on whether neutral or candidate SNPs were used and on the specific metric used. For example, targeting sites with a high frequency of warm-temperature-associated alleles to support persistence under future warming prioritized areas in the southern coastal region. In contrast, targeting sites with high expected heterozygosity at candidate loci to support persistence under future environmental uncertainty prioritized areas in the north. When combining metrics, all scenarios generated intermediate solutions, protecting sites that span latitudinal and thermal gradients. Our results demonstrate that distinguishing between neutral and adaptive markers can affect conservation solutions and emphasize the importance of defining objectives when choosing among various genomic metrics for SCP. 相似文献
52.
We sampled understory hummingbirds in Amazonian forest fragments from before isolation through nine years after isolation. We recorded 377 captures of eight species in five 1-ha fragments and four 10-ha fragments. The three species netted before isolation, Phaethornis superciliosus, Phaethornis bourcieri , and Thalurania furcata , were nearly equally abundant at that time. After isolation abundance of P. bourcieri and T. furcata did not change, but P. superciliosus became nearly twice as common. Five additional species that were netted only after isolation represented about 10% of the post-isolation sample. The species recorded only after isolation were forest species usually found above the levels of nets; fragments were not colonized by nonforest species. Use of fragments did not differ between 1- and 10-ha fragments. The landscape surrounding the fragments included active cattle pasture, abandoned pasture, and Cecropia -dominated second growth, but this variation had little effect on use of fragments by hummingbirds. The results suggest that these understory hummingbirds can persist in a matrix of fragments, secondary growth, and large forest patches. This response is much different than that of the insectivorous birds that dominate the understory bird community at the site, which are much more vulnerable to fragmentation. 相似文献
53.
Marine reserves are an increasingly important tool for the management of marine ecosystems around the world. However, the effects of proposed marine reserve configurations on sustainability and yield of populations are typically not estimated because of the computational intensity of direct simulation and uncertainty in larval dispersal and density-dependent recruitment. Here we develop a method for efficiently assessing a marine reserve configuration for persistence and yield of a population with sedentary adults and dispersing larvae. The method extends the familiar sustainability criteria of individual replacement for single populations based on eggs-per-recruit (EPR) to spatially distributed populations with sedentary adults, a dispersing larval phase, and limited carrying capacity in the settlement-recruit relationship. We refer to this approach as dispersal-per-recruit (DPR). In some cases, a single DPR calculation, based on the assumption that post-settlement habitat is saturated (i.e., at maximum recruitment), is sufficient to determine population persistence, while in other cases further iterative calculations are required. These additional calculations reach an equilibrium more rapidly than a full simulation of age- or size-structured populations. From the DPR result, fishery yield can be computed from yield-per-recruit (YPR) at each point. We assess the utility of DPR calculations by applying them to single reserves, uniformly distributed systems of reserves, and randomly sized and spaced systems of reserves on a linear coastline. We find that for low levels of EPR in fished areas (e.g., 10% or less of the natural, unfished EPR when post-settlement habitats are saturated by 35% of natural settlement), a single DPR calculation is sufficient to determine persistence of the population. We also show that, in uniform systems of reserves with finite reserve size, maximal fisheries yield occurs when the density of reserves is such that all post-settlement habitat is nearly saturated with settlers. Finally, we demonstrate the application of this approach to a realistic proposed marine reserve configuration. 相似文献
54.
Summary In 1981–1985, we studied territory dynamics in a southeastern Idaho sage sparrow population to evaluate the hypothesis that territory shifts represent adaptive adjustments in site use. We predicted that shifts should (1) result in changes in territory characteristics, (2) be influenced by previous reproductive success and result in greater success, and (3) decline in magnitude for individual males over time. Habitat features of territories changed little as a result of shifts, but territory size increased. Correspondingly, habitat features of territories were unrelated to reproductive success, whereas territory size was positively related. The magnitude of territory shifts was negatively correlated with preshift fledging success, and after shifts, males experienced greater average reproductive success than before. Successive territory shifts by individual males became progressively smaller. Thus, territory shifting by sage sparrows seems to be adaptive behavior aimed primarily at increasing territory size. 相似文献
55.
Marc?Le Lann Catherine?ElleouetEmail author Fran?ois?Quentel Christian?Louis?Madec 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2003,1(1):98-102
Cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry is one of the most sensitive analytical methods for ultratrace analysis. The detection
limit is usually lower than 10−9 mol/L. Most adsorptive stripping procedures have been focused on the one ligand/one analyte approach. In order to reduce
analysis time and sample volume, the possibility of simultaneously determining several metals by cathodic stripping voltammetry
using a mixture of ligands was explored, e.g., by Colombo and van den Berg (1997). Here, we describe a new procedure for quantifying
chromium and copper using 2,2′-bipyridine and 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine). The effect of various operational parameters such
as buffer type, ligand concentration, potential and time collection were assessed and optimized. Possible interferences by
trace metals and organic matter were also investigated. Applicability for fresh water is illustrated.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
56.
Véronique Thériault Louis Bernatchez Julian J. Dodson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(1):51-65
Salmonids are known for the occurrence in sympatry of two life-history forms, one that undergoes migration to sea before returning
to freshwater to reproduce (anadromous) and one that inhabits freshwater without a migration phase (resident). Whereas one
breeding population is often suggested by population genetic studies, mating patterns have rarely been directly assessed,
especially when both sexes are found within each life-history form. By using highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and parentage
analysis in a natural population of sympatric anadromous and resident brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), we found that gene flow occurred between the two forms and was mediated by resident males mating with both resident and
anadromous females. Determinants of reproductive success, estimated by the number of surviving juveniles (ages 1 and 2 years),
differed between the sexes. No strong evidence of the influence of size on individual reproductive success was found for males,
whereas larger females (and hence most likely to be anadromous) were more successful. The higher individual reproductive success
of anadromous fish compared to residents was mainly explained by this higher reproductive success of anadromous females. We
suggest that resident males adopt a “sneaking” reproductive tactic as a way of increasing their reproductive success by mating
with females of all sizes in all habitats. The persistence of the resident tactic among females may be linked to their advantage
in accessing spatially constrained spawning areas in small tributary streams unavailable to larger females. 相似文献
57.
Infrastructure and Conservation Policy in Brazil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: The development of transportation and energy infrastructure has been a major driver in the conversion of natural ecosystems in Brazil since the nineteenth century. Although this pattern is present in most countries, Brazil differs in the scale of opportunities that are still available to build its physical infrastructure while pursuing an ambitious conservation agenda. This advantage stems from the magnitude of intact ecosystems, a dynamic policy environment, and the increasing availability of biological and economic data needed to harmonize conservation with public works. Success depends on integrating conservation and infrastructure planning, rather than relying on the project based, largely ineffective environmental assessment process. Front-loading environmental mitigation and compensation will also help, as will improving public access to, and understanding of, information on the environmental and economic values at stake in major infrastructure decisions. 相似文献
58.
Land Reform and Biodiversity Conservation in Brazil in the 1990s: Conflict and the Articulation of Mutual Interests 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Abstract: Land-reform and environmental movements, revitalized by the democratization of civil society in Brazil in the 1990s, found their objectives in conflict over forested parcels that settlers want for conversion to agriculture but that are important for wildlife conservation. In the Atlantic Forest, where 95% of the forest is gone, we reviewed three cases of Brazilian nongovernmental organization (NGOs) engagement with the land-reform movement with respect to forest remnants neighboring protected areas that have insufficient habitat for the long-term survival of unique endangered species. In the Pontal do Paranapanema (São Paulo), Poço das Antas (Rio de Janeiro), and southern Bahia, environmental NGOs have supported agricultural alternatives that improve livelihood options and provide incentives for habitat conservation planning. Where land-reform groups were better organized, technical cooperation on settlement agriculture permitted the exploration of mutual interests in conciliating the productive landscape with conservation objectives. Processes of regular consultation among NGOs, environmental agencies, and the private sector revealed that there was less zero-sum conflict over the same lands than commonly perceived. In both groups, technicians found forested lands less suitable for small-scale agriculture, and leaders took risks to justify and support claims to alternative existing agricultural lands. Based on the cases we examined, the construction of landscapes with both forest stewardship and poverty-reducing agrarian reform faces continued obstacles from contradictory agrarian and environmental sector policies and inadequate economic incentives for forest stewardship on private lands. 相似文献
59.
Simple Spatial Modeling Tool for Prioritizing Prescribed Burning Activities at the Landscape Scale 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. KEVIN HIERS†† STEPHEN C. LAINE J. J. BACHANT† JAMES H. FURMAN‡ WELDON W. GREENE JR. § VERNON COMPTON† 《Conservation biology》2003,17(6):1571-1578
Abstract: Resources for prescribed fire are frequently insufficient to manage public lands for all conservation and resource management objectives, necessitating prioritization of the application of fire across the landscape within any given year. Defining tradeoffs when applying prescribed fire to large landscapes is problematic not only because of the complexity of weighing competing management objectives at the landscape scale, but also because of the difficult nature of independently applying need-to-burn criteria to large areas. We present a case study of a simple modeling process implemented at Eglin Air Force Base in the Florida Panhandle (U.S.A.) to prioritize the application of prescribed fire. In a workshop setting, managers and biologists identified key conservation criteria and landscape management objectives that drive the application of prescribed fire. Remote sensing and other spatial data were developed to directly or indirectly represent all these criteria. Using geographic information system software, managers and biologists weighted each criterion according to its relative contribution to overall burn prioritization, and individual values for the criterion were scored according to how they influence the need to burn. Subsequently, this process has been validated and modified through ecological monitoring. This modeling process has also been applied to the 77,400-ha Blackwater River State Forest, public land adjacent to Eglin Air Force Base, demonstrating its applicability to lands with varying management priorities. The advantages of this model-based approach for prioritizing prescribed fire include the reliance on accessible, inexpensive software, the development of spatially explicit management objectives, the ease of transferability, and clearly stated assumptions about management that may be tested and reviewed through monitoring and public comment. 相似文献
60.
Gunderson MP Bermudez DS Bryan TA Degala S Edwards TM Kools SA Milnes MR Woodward AR Guillette LJ 《Chemosphere》2004,56(4):335-345
This 3-year study was designed to examine variation in plasma sex steroids, phallus size, and the standard error (S.E.) associated with these endpoints in juvenile alligators collected from 3 sites within the Kissimmee-Everglades drainage (Florida, USA) with varying concentrations of sediment organochlorine contaminants. We hypothesized that decreased plasma sex steroid concentrations and phallus size would be observed in the higher contaminant site when compared to the intermediate and lower contaminant sites. Furthermore, we hypothesized that greater S.E. associated with these endpoints would be observed for the populations from more contaminated sites. We found that differences existed with females from the higher contaminant site exhibiting lower plasma estradiol-17beta (E2) and testosterone (T) concentrations. Males from the higher contaminant site exhibited smaller phallus sizes than males from the intermediate and lower contaminant sites. Smaller phallus size in this case differed from that reported in Lake Apopka male alligators [Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 116 (1999) 356] in that a significant positive relationship between body size and phallus size existed. No difference among sites was observed in plasma T for males. Lower S.E. was associated with E2 and T concentrations in females from the higher contaminant site and in phallus size in males from the higher contaminant site. This pattern was opposite to what we had hypothesized. We concluded that variation in plasma E2 and T concentrations, phallus size, and the S.E. associated with these endpoints exists among the 3 sites with the patterns matching the patterns of organochlorine contamination, although S.E. patterns were opposite to what was predicted. 相似文献