Effects of water regime,crop residues,and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Biological soil disinfestation is an effective method to control soil-borne disease by flooding and incorporating with organic amendments, but field conditions and resources sometimes limited its practical application. A laboratory experiment was conducted to develop practice guidelines on controlling Fusarium wilt, a widespread banana disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). FOC infested soil incorporated with rice or maize straw at rates of 1.5 tons/ha and 3.0 tons/ha was incubated under flooded or water-saturated (100% water holding capacity) conditions at 30°C for 30 days. Results showed that FOC populations in the soils incorporated with either rice or maize straw rapidly reduced more than 90% in the first 15 days and then fluctuated till the end of incubation, while flooding alone without organic amendment reduced FOC populations slightly. The rapid and dramatic decrease of redox potential (down to − 350 mV) in straw-amended treatments implied that both anaerobic condition and strongly reductive soil condition would contribute to pathogen inactivation. Water-saturation combined with straw amendments had the comparable effects on reduction of FOC, indicating that flooding was not indispensable for inactivating FOC. There was no significant difference in the reduction of FOC observed in the straw amendments at between 1.5 and 3 tons/ha. Therefore, incorporating soil with straw (rice or maize straw) at a rate of 3.0 tons/ha under 100% water holding capacity or 1.5 tons/ha under flooding, would effectively alleviate banana Fusarium wilt caused by FOC after 15-day treating under 30°C.     

Effect of aeration rate on composting of penicillin mycelial dreg

Pilot scale experiments with forced aeration were conducted to estimate effects of aeration rates on the performance of composting penicillin mycelial dreg using sewage sludge as inoculation. Three aeration rates of 0.15, 0.50 and 0.90 L/(min·kg) organic matter(OM) were examined. The principal physicochemical parameters were monitored during the 32 day composting period. Results showed that the higher aeration rate of 0.90 L/(min·kg) did not corresponded to a longer thermophilic duration and higher rates of OM degradation;but the lower aeration rate of 0.15 L/(min·kg) did induce an accumulation of NH+4-N contents due to the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, aeration rate has little effect on degradation of penicillin. The results show that the longest phase of thermophilic temperatures ≥ 55°C, the maximum NO-3-N content and seed germination, and the minimum C/N ratio were obtained with 0.50 L/(min·kg) OM. Therefore, aeration rates of0.50 L/(min·kg) OM can be recommended for composting penicillin mycelial dreg.     

活性炭负载MnO_x结合等离子体降解甲苯

通过对比Mn Ox/AC、AC、无催化剂对甲苯的去除率和副产物的浓度,得知Mn Ox能大大提高甲苯去除率和降低副产物浓度。实验同时研究了负载量、煅烧温度和载体活性炭的活化对甲苯去除率的影响,实验表明:20%Mn Ox负载经过850℃活化的活性炭在350℃下煅烧得到的催化剂的活性最高。试验用BET、XRD和红外对催化剂进行了表征,研究发现,经过活化的催化剂比表面积高于没有活化的催化剂,随着负载量的增加比表面积降低,温度为250℃时硝酸锰主要分解为Mn2O3,温度为350℃时主要分解产物为Mn3O4,温度为450℃时主要为Mn O。红外表明反应后的催化剂表面氧化基团增加。     

江苏苏中3市的沿江岸线资源开发利用变化及驱动因素

长江是我国重要的黄金水道,其岸线资源有着丰富的开发利用价值。近年来,苏中地区长江岸线资源利用发展迅速。因此,选取苏中扬州、泰州、南通3市为研究对象,基于2002年和2008年的长江岸线利用状况数据,对比分析了3市岸线发展变化的规律。研究表明:2002年以来,苏中3市的岸线利用率大幅提高;新增岸线中工业岸线占比最大,港口岸线和生活服务岸线次之;工业岸线和生活服务岸线的增幅最为显著;各类型岸线的增加主要来源于未利用岸线,已有岸线类型的转换主要流向工业岸线和未利用岸线。港口建设需求、沿江基础工业化进程加快、港产城融合发展、规划和政策引导等是岸线利用变化的重要驱动力。     

河口盐沼植物分布对有效光合辐射的响应

对东滩植被带光量子通量密度的调查研究表明:互花米草带与海三棱藨草带光量子通量密度没有显著性差异,其值分别为1 570和1 556μmol/(m2·s)。光照对两物种的生长、繁殖等植物行为的影响只取决于其对光照的利用能力和效率;在互花米草和海三棱藨草混生带,到达互花米草和海三棱藨草的光量子通量密度之间存在显著差异(P0.05),互花米草对海三棱藨草的遮荫效应达63%,表明互花米草对海三棱藨草具有强的遮荫作用。光照不足严重影响海三棱藨草的生长,在混生带,海三棱藨草生长速率降低,种群密度和生物量减少,植株高度增加。因此,互花米草对海三棱藨草的遮荫作用,抑制了海三棱藨草在中潮滩的更新过程,因而也是造成海三棱藨草生境丧失的重要原因之一。     

生物质成型燃料工业项目环境影响评价实例分析

以使用生物质成型燃料的某洗衣粉项目为例,对生物质成型燃料的来源种类、燃烧设备、烟尘净化措施和污染物产排进行了介绍,并对使用生物质成型燃料工业项目的环境影响评价中的若干问题进行了分析探讨。     

哈尔滨新区不同下垫面悬浮大气微塑料污染特征及潜在生态风险评估

悬浮大气微塑料（Suspended atmospheric microplastics,SAMPs）已被确定为水、土壤等环境单元的重要污染来源之一,并构成一定的潜在生态风险.为了解SAMPs在不同环境中的差异,本研究以哈尔滨新区为研究区,使用便携式大气颗粒物采样器（Airmetrics,USA）对该区域6种不同下垫面的空气进行采集,经过立体显微镜观察和傅里叶红外光谱仪（VERTEX 80）分析后,证实SAMPs广泛存在并得出关于SAMPs丰度分布、类型、粒径、颜色和化学组成成分的数据信息.结果显示,碎片状SAMPs是耕地的优势类型,其他下垫面的优势类型为纤维状SAMPs;不同下垫面SAMPs的粒径组成结构相似,尺寸为1～35μm的SAMPs占总数的80.71%,其中,林地、草地和水域的小粒径SAMPs占比大于其他下垫面,并且未发现粒径大于100μm的SAMPs;透明微塑料是各下垫面SAMPs的主要颜色类型,其中,建设用地和水域SAMPs中彩色微塑料偏多,这与人类活动有直接关系;各下垫面SAMPs的聚合物组成包括聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）、聚苯乙烯（P...     

固体废物全过程精细化环境风险评估框架研究

伴随着我国经济发展和城镇化进程,固体废物产生呈强度高、利用不充分的状态,造成了严重的资源浪费和环境污染. 随着风险意识的加强,准确评估固体废物的环境风险,已经成为确定固体废物管控目标、边界、优先序的重要基础. 由于固体废物的特性复杂、处理链条长、流动过程受区域发展特征的影响,其环境风险呈现风险因子多元、空间异质性强、不确定性高、易产生长期累积性风险等规律. 现有的固体废物环境风险评估大多基于源项分析,针对特定环节或设施开展定量或半定量的污染物暴露与健康风险评估,缺乏对全过程的系统性分析,无法从全局及区域上综合评估固体废物的环境风险水平. 因此,本文提出固体废物全过程精细化环境风险评估框架,包括固体废物全生命周期路径梳理及特征识别、风险因子及其释放转运过程辨析、受体的最大可接受环境风险水平评估、基于多评价指标的固体废物环境风险的量化,以期为实现固体废物环境风险精细化管控提供支撑.      

长江中上游表层沉积物重金属形态分布特征及风险评价

大坝蓄水显著改变了河流的水文情势,进而影响着河流沉积物的颗粒组成和重金属形态.2019年6～7月,从长江上游金沙江攀枝花市至长江中游湖口县,沿长江干流调查了26个断面,采用欧共体BCR 3步提取法分析了沉积物中8种重金属(As、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)的含量及其赋存形态,并用重金属地累积指数法、沉积物质量基准法和风险评价编码法(RAC)对沉积物重金属污染程度和生物有效性进行风险评价.结果表明,长江上游库区段(金沙江梯级水库段和三峡库区段)从上游至下游沉积物的粒径均值呈减小趋势,沉积物As和Zn全量呈增加趋势,中游段变化规律不明显.沉积物黏粒含量与弱酸提取态Cd和Ni含量呈显著正相关.Cd以残渣态(59.26%)和弱酸提取态(24.67%)为主,Cr(92.41%)和Ni(83.41%)以残渣态为主,As、 Co、 Cu、 Pb和Zn以残渣态和可还原态为主.As、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Ni和Zn污染程度大小为：金沙江段>长江中游段>三峡库区段.Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni和Zn的生物有效性(RAC均值)大小：上游三峡段>中游段&...     

Upstream Sediment‐Control Dams: Five Decades of Experience in the Rapidly Eroding Dahan River Basin,Taiwan

Sedimentation is emerging as a key issue in sustainable reservoir management. One approach to controlling reservoir sedimentation is to trap sediment in hydraulic structures upstream of the reservoir. In the 1,163‐km² catchment of the Dahan River (Taiwan) over 120 “sabo” dams were built to reduce sediment yield to Shihmen Reservoir. Built in 1963 for water supply, Shihmen has lost over 40% of its 290‐Mm³ storage capacity to sedimentation. Most of these upstream structures were small, but three had capacities >9 Mm³. Field measurements and historical data from the Water Resources Agency show most smaller dams had filled with sediment by 1976. The three largest were full or nearly so by 2007, when one (Barlin Dam) failed, releasing a pulse of 7.5 Mm³, most of its 10.4 Mm³ stored sediment downstream. The Central Range of Taiwan is rapidly eroding (denudation rates 3‐6 mm/yr), so geologically high loads make sediment problems manifest sooner. Even in other environments, however, eventually small dams built upstream of large reservoirs are likely to fill themselves, creating multiple small sediment‐filled reservoirs, some located in sites inaccessible to mechanical removal. Our analysis suggests sabo dams do not offer a long‐term basis for controlling reservoir sedimentation in such a high‐sediment yield environment. Sustainable solutions must somehow pass sediment downstream, as would be accomplished by a sediment bypass around Shihmen Reservoir, as now being studied.