小陇山森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

小陇山林区位于秦岭西端,甘肃省东南部,是黄河、长江中上游地区重要的水源涵养林,对维护黄河、长江流域水生态安全具有重要的战略地位.采用市场价值法、替代费用法等对小陇山林区森林生态系统服务功能价值进行定量评估.结果表明,小陇山林区森林生态系统服务功能年均总价值为40.236亿元,其中直接经济价值为2.204亿元,水源涵养、水土保持、大气组分调节、生物多样性保护及病虫害防治、休闲娱乐等生态功能价值为38.032亿元,直接经济价值与生态功能价值的比值为1∶ 17.26.在发展当地经济的过程中,必须从整个生态系统的角度出发,优先认识到该地区森林的生态功能价值,从而科学、合理地保护和利用森林资源.     

微孔扩散管曝气试验

本文综术字在污水处理站使用离心鼓风机穿孔管大气泡浅 支暴气所引起的溶解氧不足。     

Effects of advanced traffic signal status warning systems on vehicle emission reductions at signalized intersections

Signalized intersections have been identified as vehicle emission hotspots, where drivers decelerate, idle, and accelerate their vehicles in response to signal changes. Advanced traffic signal status warning systems (ATSSWSs) can be applied to reduce traffic emissions at intersections by mitigating unnecessary braking and acceleration. In this study, two types of ATSSWSs, variable message sign (VMS) based and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) based, were designed, and their environmental effectiveness was evaluated through driving simulator-based experiments. Three scenarios were designed and tested: (1) baseline without an ATSSWS, (2) with the VMS-based ATSSWS, and (3) with the V2I-based ATSSWS. The Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator model was used to evaluate and compare the environmental effectiveness of these two types of ATSSWSs. The results indicate that the proposed ATSSWSs can reduce traffic emissions at signalized intersections. In particular, the V2I-based ATSSWS can substantially reduce CO₂, NOx, CO, and HC emissions. The results will help transportation practitioners with implementing advanced driver information systems and decision making on emission reduction policies.

Implications: Signalized intersection has been identified as one of hottest spots for vehicle emissions where signal control causes vehicles to frequently decelerate, idle, and accelerate. Advanced Traffic Signal Status Warning Systems (ATSSWS) can be applied to reduce traffic emission at intersections by decreasing vehicles’ unnecessary brakes and accelerations. The results of this study will assist transportation practitioners in implementing advanced driver information systems and making decisions on emission reduction policies.     

一株产絮凝剂的黑曲霉的分离及培养条件优化

从活性污泥中筛选出一株产絮凝剂的霉菌,初步鉴定为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger).其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液具有良好的絮凝作用.通过培养条件优化,其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率从85.6%提高到98.7%,实验结果表明,(1)黑曲霉孢子最佳接种量为9.33×108 个/L;(2)产絮凝剂适宜的碳源为蔗糖,氮源为尿素,用量分别为30.00、1.600 g/L;(3)最佳培养条件为:查氏液体培养基初始pH 7.0,培养温度30℃,摇床转速180 r/min,培养时间120 h;(4)在最佳培养条件下微生物絮凝剂的产量为1.805 g/L;(5)絮凝性能比较结果表明,微生物絮凝剂的絮凝性能优于传统絮凝剂.     

不同功能区空气负离子的监测分析

监测了西宁地区不同功能区空气负离子状况，以公园游览区空气负离子浓度最高，平均３５８个／ｃｍ＾３；工业区最低，平均浓度２５９个／ｃｍ＾３。各功能区空气负离子浓度明显不同，Ｐ〈０．０１。用空气负离子浓度、空气离子单级系数和安培空气质量评价指数评价各功能区空气质量，从好到差依次为：公园游览区、生活居住区、商业交通繁忙区、工业区。３种评价指标结果相同，符合一般规律。     

污染土壤的微波辐照技术研究进展

简要介绍了土壤污染的状况,总结了国外学者对重金属和有机物两大类污染土壤所进行的微波修复工作,探讨了修复机理及影响因素,最后展望了微波修复污染土壤的研究重点.     

硫化氢分解制取氢和硫技术的进展

介绍了 H2 S分解制氢和硫的热力学、动力学最新研究成果 ,综述了 H2 S分解制氢和硫的各种工艺技术的新进展 ,并对这些工艺技术进行了分析和评述。 H2 S分解制氢的同时回收硫是一种很有前途的治理废气减轻污染的方法。     

The styrene purification performance of biotrickling filter with toluene-styrene acclimatization under acidic conditions

The obvious disadvantages of biotrickling filters (BTFs) are the long start-up time and low removal efficiency (RE) when treating refractory hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which limits its industrial application. It is worthwhile to investigate how to reduce the start-up period of the BTF for treating hydrophobic VOCs. Here, we present the first study to evaluate the strategy of toluene induction combined with toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization during start-up in a laboratory-scale BTF inoculated with activated sludge for styrene removal, as well as the effects of styrene inlet concentration (0.279 to 2.659 g·m^?3), empty bed residence time (EBRT) (i.e., 136, 90, 68, 45, 34 sec), humidity (7.7% to 88.9%), and pH (i.e., 4, 3, 2.5, 2) on the performance of the BTF system. The experiments were carried out under acidic conditions (pH 4.5) to make fungi dominant in the BTF. The start-up period for styrene in the BTF was shortened to about 28 days. A maximum elimination capacity (EC_max) of 126 g·m^?3·hr^?1 with an RE of 80% was attained when styrene inlet loading rate (ILR) was below 180 g·m^?3·hr^?1. The highest styrene RE(s) [of BTF] that could be achieved were 95% and 93.4%, respectively, for humidity of 7.7% and at pH 2. A single dominant fungal strain was isolated and identified as Candida palmioleophila strain MA-M11 based on the 26S ribosomal RNA gene. Overall, the styrene induction with the toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization could markedly reduce the start-up period and enhance the RE of styrene. The BTF dominated by fungi exhibited good performance under low pH and humidity and great potential in treating styrene with higher inlet concentrations.

Implications: The application of the toluene induction combined with toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization demonstrated to be a promising approach for the highly efficient removal of styrene. The toluene induction can accelerate biofilm formation, and the adaptability of microorganisms to styrene can be improved rapidly by the toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization. The integrated application of two technologies can shorten the start-up period of biotrickling filters markedly and promote its industrial application.     

基于脆弱性的地下水污染监测网多目标优化方法

区域地下水监测井的优化布设对于区域地下水系统管理有很重要的作用.为了以最少的监测费用最大化地获取区域污染风险和污染现状信息,以监测井数量最小、区域污染监测有效性最大、监测到的区域脆弱性分值最大为目标,建立了基于脆弱性评价的地下水污染监测网多目标优化模型.通过地下水脆弱性评价和溶质运移模型计算得到不同点位地下水脆弱性分值和污染物浓度,针对不同脆弱性等级提出区域监测井初设密度,采用改进非劣支配遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）基于初设监测网求解该多目标优化模型,结合质量误差分析确定监测网优化方案.结果表明,阿什河漫滩区和樊家沟流域地下水硝酸盐氮污染相对较严重;地下水脆弱性高和较高等级区域分别分布在抽水井群影响范围和河漫滩;结合NSGA-Ⅱ Pareto最优解及质量误差分析结果,得到该区域地下水监测井最优数量（12口）及其最优布设位置.研究显示,该优化监测网与初设监测网插值所得污染羽的质量误差小于15%,满足监测精度要求.      

厌氧条件下可溶性有机质对汞的还原与氧化作用

在沉积物、湿地和淹水的水稻土中天然可溶性有机质(DOM),如胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)处于还原状态,其介导Hg(Ⅱ)的还原,影响汞的转化及地球化学循环.本文通过模拟黑暗厌氧环境,研究还原态HA与FA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原.结果表明,还原态HA与FA的还原容量高于对照氧化态HA与FA.还原态HA与FA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原最佳浓度分别是0. 2mg·L~(-1)和1. 5 mg·L~(-1).而高于最佳浓度时,由于发生巯基竞争性络合作用,抑制Hg(Ⅱ)的还原;特别是还原态HA大于5mg·L~(-1)时,不能还原Hg(Ⅱ)为Hg(0).还原态HA与FA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原反应动力学表明:有机碳(DOC)与Hg(Ⅱ)摩尔比DOC∶Hg(Ⅱ)=400∶1时,还原反应速率IHSS-HA FRC-HA FRC-FA;高摩尔比[DOC∶Hg(Ⅱ)=10 000∶1]时,还原态HA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原反应停止,甚至向相反方向进行.还原态HA与FA对Hg(0)氧化结果表明,当还原态HA与FA浓度分别增加至5 mg·L~(-1)和10 mg·L~(-1)时,样品中检测不到Hg(0),还原态HA与FA对Hg(0)发生诱导性氧化络合作用.在汞的氧化还原与络合作用中,还原态DOM扮演双重角色,影响活性汞的可利用性,进而影响微生物汞的甲基化.