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31.
Species-specific effect of macrobenthic assemblages on meiobenthos and nematode community structure in shallow sandy sediments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Barbara Urban-Malinga Aleksander Drgas Sławomira Gromisz Natalie Barnes 《Marine Biology》2014,161(1):195-212
Three functionally different macrofaunal species (the filter- and/or surface deposit-feeding polychaete Hediste diversicolor, and the suspension-feeding bivalves Mya arenaria and Cerastoderma glaucum) were introduced as single- and two-species treatments into microcosms containing sandy sediment with a natural meiofaunal community. H. diversicolor is a burrowing species building a system of galleries, C. glaucum lives actively near the sediment surface acting as a biodiffuser and M. arenaria buries deeply and leads a sessile lifestyle. It is shown that H. diversicolor extended the vertical distribution of meiofauna into deeper sediment layers compared to the control and non-Hediste treatments. The response of the nematode community varied significantly among treatments and was dependant on the macrobenthic species composition but not on the species number. Nematode assemblages in all treatments with the polychaete, both in monoculture and with either bivalve, differed significantly from those recorded in other treatments and were more similar than replicates within any other single treatment. H. diversicolor also appeared to have stimulated nematode species diversity. The present study demonstrated that the impact of macrobenthic assemblages on meiofauna is not a simple summation of individual species effects but is species specific. 相似文献
32.
Häring Ivo Fehling-Kaschek Mirjam Miller Natalie Faist Katja Ganter Sebastian Srivastava Kushal Jain Aishvarya Kumar Fischer Georg Fischer Kai Finger Jörg Stolz Alexander Leismann Tobias Hiermaier Stefan Carli Marco Battisti Federica Makri Rodoula Celozzi Giuseppe Belesioti Maria Sfakianakis Evangelos Agrafioti Evita Chalkidou Anastasia Papadakis George Fuggini Clemente Bolletta Fabio Neri Alberto Giunta Guiseppe Scheithauer Hermann Höflinger Fabian Schott Dominik J. Schindelhauer Christian Köhler Sven Linkov Igor 《The Environmentalist》2021,41(2):286-329
Environment Systems and Decisions - Organizational and technical approaches have proven successful in increasing the performance and preventing risks at socio-technical systems at all scales.... 相似文献
33.
Ryan Perkl David Mitchell Mark Feller Garrett Smith Natalie R. Wilson 《Journal of Land Use Science》2018,13(1-2):102-117
Urban and exurban expansion results in habitat and biodiversity loss globally. We hypothesize that a coupled-model approach could connect urban planning for future cities with landscape ecology to consider wildland habitat connectivity. Our work combines urban growth simulations with models of wildlife corridors to examine how species will be impacted by development to test this hypothesis. We leverage a land use change model (SLEUTH) with structural and functional landscape-connectivity modeling techniques to ascertain the spatial extent and locations of connectivity related threats to a national park in southern Arizona, USA, and describe how protected areas might be impacted by urban expansion. Results of projected growth significantly altered structural connectivity (80%) when compared to current (baseline) corridor conditions. Moreover, projected growth impacted functional connectivity differently amongst species, indicating resilience of some species and near-complete displacement of others. We propose that implementing a geospatial-design-based model will allow for a better understanding of the impacts management decisions have on wildlife populations. The application provides the potential to understand both human and environmental impacts of land-system dynamics, critical for long-term sustainability. 相似文献
34.
Maria Byrne Natalie A. Soars Melanie A. Ho Eunice Wong David McElroy Paulina Selvakumaraswamy Symon A. Dworjanyn Andrew R. Davis 《Marine Biology》2010,157(9):2061-2069
Climate change driven ocean acidification and hypercapnia may have a negative impact on fertilization in marine organisms
because of the narcotic effect these stressors exert on sperm. In contrast, warmer, less viscous water may have a positive
influence on sperm swimming speed and so ocean warming may enhance fertilization. To address questions on future vulnerabilities
we examined the interactive effects of near-future ocean warming and ocean acidification/hypercapnia on fertilization in intertidal
and shallow subtidal echinoids (Heliocidaris erythrogramma, H. tuberculata, Tripneustes gratilla, Centrostephanus rodgersii), an asteroid (Patiriella regularis) and an abalone (Haliotis coccoradiata). Batches of eggs from multiple females were fertilized by sperm from multiple males in all combinations of three temperature
and three
\textpH/P\textCO2 {\text{pH}}/P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} treatments. Experiments were placed in the setting of projected near-future conditions for southeast Australia, an ocean
change hot spot. There was no significant effect of warming and acidification on the percentage of fertilization. These results
indicate that fertilization in these species is robust to temperature and
\textpH/P\textCO2 {\text{pH}}/P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} fluctuation. This may reflect adaptation to the marked fluctuation in temperature and pH that characterises their shallow
water coastal habitats. Efforts to identify potential impacts of ocean change to the life histories of coastal marine invertebrates
are best to focus on more vulnerable embryonic and larval stages because of their long time in the water column where seawater
chemistry and temperature have a major impact on development. 相似文献
35.
David L. Sinn Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj Erik Wapstra Sasha R. X. Dall 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(4):693-702
Behavioral syndromes are correlated suites of behavior, analogous to human personality traits. Most work to date has been
taken from limited “snapshots” in space and time, with the implicit assumption that a behavioral syndrome is an invariant
property, fixed by evolutionary constraints or adaptations. However, directional selection on two mechanistically independent
traits (selective covariance) could also result in correlated behaviors. Previously, we have shown that shy/bold behavior
in Southern dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica) across predator encounter and feeding risk contexts is genetically and phenotypically uncoupled, and hence potentially free
to vary independently. Here, we collected data on shy/bold behaviors from two independent wild populations of squid in two
different years to test whether behavioral correlations across these same two functional contexts vary through time and space.
We detected significant influences of population, sex, and body size on the expression of boldness in squid within each functional
context, and this was coupled with significant differences in relative population density and adult sex ratio. Despite these
changes in behavior and demographic parameters, we found that correlations between boldness scores across the two functional
contexts were largely absent in both wild populations of squid in both years. Our work suggests that some animal groups may
be largely characterized by context-specific behavioral expression. A theoretical framework which conceptualizes behavioral
syndromes resulting from context-specific behavioral rules may be needed to fully understand why behaviors are sometimes correlated,
and why sometimes they are not. 相似文献
36.
Natalie M. Sopinka Julie R. Marentette Sigal Balshine 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(12):1947-1958
There is increasing concern for the disruptive effects seen in aquatic species exposed to environmental contaminants. However,
few studies have investigated the impact of such contaminants on the behavior of individuals living in exposed waters. Contaminant
exposure can affect animal populations by disrupting behaviors including feeding, locomotion, and mating. In this study, we
examined how living in an ecosystem polluted by combinations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls,
and heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, iron, lead, zinc) impacts contest behavior in the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Fish collected from heavily contaminated and cleaner sites in Lake Ontario were subjected to a resource contest to determine
the effect of these contaminants on aggression and the establishment of dominance hierarchies, which in turn influence access
to food, shelter, and mating opportunities. Dominance establishment (a clear resource winner) was less obvious among fish
from the contaminated site compared to the more stable hierarchies that formed between pairs of fish from the clean site.
Pairs of fish from the contaminated site performed more assessment displays compared to fish from clean sites. These results
suggest that the costs of living in an environment under exposure can shape behavioral repertoires. The altered conflict resolution
strategies of contaminated fish may reflect impaired cognitive function, sensory perception, and/or higher metabolic load
associated with aggression. This study provides support for the utilization of quantifiable behavioral differences as ecologically
relevant measures of contaminant exposure. 相似文献
37.
Benjamin A. Lyons Ariel Hasell Natalie Jomini Stroud 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(7):876-894
Some extreme weather events may be more likely to affect climate change beliefs than others, in part because schema individuals possess for different events could vary in encouraging such links. Using a representative sample of U.S. adults and geocoded National Weather Service data, we examine how a range of extreme weather event categories relate to climate change beliefs, and the degree to which individuals’ self-reported experiences are shaped by their political views across event types. For tornado, hurricane, and flood events, we find no link with beliefs. For polar vortex and drought events, we find that although self-reported experience is linked with climate beliefs, reporting of these experiences is influenced by political identity and partisan news exposure. These findings underscore a limited role for extreme weather experiences in climate beliefs, and show that events more open to interpretation, such as droughts and polar vortex disturbances, are most likely to be seen through a partisan lens. 相似文献
38.
39.
Yard EE Gilchrist J Haileyesus T Murphy M Collins C McIlvain N Comstock RD 《Journal of Safety Research》2010,41(6):471-474
Introduction
Heat illness is a leading cause of death and disability among U.S. high school athletes.Methods
To examine the incidence and characteristics of heat illness among high school athletes, CDC analyzed data from the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study for the period 2005–2009.Results
During 2005–2009, the 100 schools sampled reported a total of 118 heat illnesses among high school athletes resulting in ≥ 1 day of time lost from athletic activity, a rate of 1.6 per 100,000 athlete-exposures, and an average of 29.5 time-loss heat illnesses per school year. The average corresponds to a weighted average annual estimate of 9,237 illnesses nationwide. The highest rate of time-loss heat illness was among football players, 4.5 per 100,000 athlete-exposures, a rate 10 times higher than the average rate (0.4) for the eight other sports. Time-loss heat illnesses occurred most frequently during August (66.3%) and while practicing or playing football (70.7%). No deaths were reported.Conclusions
Consistent with guidelines from the National Athletic Trainers’ Association, to reduce the risk for heat illness, high school athletic programs should implement heat-acclimatization guidelines (e.g., set limits on summer practice duration and intensity). All athletes, coaches, athletic trainers, and parents/guardians should be aware of the risk factors for heat illness, follow recommended strategies, and be prepared to respond quickly to symptoms of illness. Coaches also should continue to stress to their athletes the importance of maintaining proper hydration before, during, and after sports activities.Impact of industry
By implementing preventive recommendations and quickly recognizing and responding to heat illness, coaches, athletic trainers, and the sporting community can prevent future deaths. 相似文献40.
Improvements in human wellbeing are dependent on improving ecosystems. Such considerations are particularly pertinent for regions of high ecological, but also social and cultural importance that are facing rapid change. One such region is the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Although the GBR has world heritage status for its ‘outstanding universal value’, little is known about resident perceptions of its values. We surveyed 1545 residents, finding that absence of visible rubbish; healthy reef fish, coral cover, and mangroves; and iconic marine species, are considered to be more important to quality of life than the jobs and incomes associated with industry (most respondents were dissatisfied with the benefits they received from industry). Highly educated females placed more importance on environmental non-use values than other respondents; less educated males and those employed in mining found non-market use-values relatively more important. Environmental non-use values emerged as the most important management priority for all.