Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

厌氧膜生物反应器的现状、挑战和前景

厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBRs)不仅可以高效去除污染物,改善出水水质,而且可以实现生物能源回收,对保护环境和缓解能源危机具有重大意义。膜污染作为制约AnMBRs应用与推广的限制因素得到了大量关注,各种缓解和控制膜污染的方法和技术不断涌现。因此,对AnMBRs的运行机理、多元化应用、膜污染情况进行综述,并分析和评估了微生物电催化系统(BES)-AnMBRs组合工艺的可行性和发展潜力,以期为AnMBRs工程应用和未来发展提供理论和技术参考。     

二噁英类物质CALUX报告基因法在造纸行业的应用探究

选择典型造纸厂,采用化学激活报告基因法(CALUX)测定造纸过程中废水和纸浆中的二噁英类物质,并将部分样品测定结果与高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(HRGC-HRMS)法测定结果作线性回归,换算系数为0.21,表明CALUX可用于造纸行业废水中二噁英类物质的快速筛查。将CALUX用于测定造纸厂废水中二噁英类物质,结果表明用含元素氯的漂白工艺会产生大量二噁英类物质,其中漂白废水中的目标物毒性当量浓度最高,经处理后可达到国家排放标准;而用无元素氯的漂白工艺,二噁英类物质的产生量会大幅降低。     

鄱阳湖湿地土壤-植物-地下水稳定氧同位素组成分析

近年来,鄱阳湖水位持续走低,极端干旱事件频繁发生,湿地生态系统结构与功能遭受破坏。为此,于2014年鄱阳湖湿地保护区两个断面分层采集0~100 cm土壤,并采集优势种植物和河湖水以及地下水数据,运用稳定同位素技术,分析了土壤-植物-河湖水-地下水稳定同位素变化特征,并探寻它们之间的补给关系。结果表明,两断面土壤水氧同位素变化范围分别为–10.48‰~–5.23‰和–12.39‰~–6.55‰,算术平均值分别为–8.36‰和–8.63‰。断面一表层(0~30 cm)土壤水氧重同位素较富集,且随深度增加而减小;断面二表层(0~40 cm)土壤水中氧同位素组成基本无变化。断面一的地下水主要是受降水补给,断面二可能是受降水和河湖水共同补给。鄱阳湖湿地两断面优势种植物虉草叶片水的氧同位素值最大,为–0.9‰,其次是灰化苔草和芦苇,分别为–4.23‰和–5.25‰。     

密云水库上游河流底栖动物群落结构与水质评价

于2013年5月至10月对密云水库上游河流中大型底栖无脊椎动物(以下简称底栖动物)进行了采样调查。结果表明,采集到的底栖动物隶属于4门10纲16目45科,其中以节肢动物种类最多,占总数的80%,且水生昆虫占总数的67%,出现频率最高的是节肢动物门蜉蝣目蜉蝣科的昆虫,出现频率达87%;从分布来看,白河流域采集到的底栖动物种类最多、密度最高,而潮河流域采集到的底栖动物生物量最大;以底栖动物为指示生物的水质评价结果显示,密云水库上游河流中50%采样点的水质为Ⅰ级(清洁),其余50%为Ⅱ级(轻微污染),水质整体较好,与现场生境调查和水质监测的结果相吻合。     

灰霾污染和清洁过程中污染物垂直结构特征

针对无锡地区2013年11月6—13日经历的灰霾污染和清洁过程,采用地基遥感激光雷达对空气中的气溶胶颗粒物垂直分布进行垂直探测,发现污染时段气溶胶颗粒物主要积聚在1.8 km以下,消光系数的日均值统计表明,从近地面至高空1.5 km,颗粒物产生的峰值消光系数稳定在0.2 km~(-1);而清洁时段,由于垂直扩散条件改善,颗粒物随高度增加明显减少,1.5 km处的消光系数不足0.05 km~(-1)。同时发现污染时段中,近地面PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、碳黑(BC)的平均浓度分别是清洁时段的2.48、2.76、3.66倍;大气氧化剂(O3和NO_x的总和)平均值水平是清洁时段的1.73倍。气象条件分析发现,锋面的移动使大气水平、垂直对流运动加剧,污染物得以迅速扩散,空气质量转好,这也是此次污染清除的主要原因。     

Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in fish from lakes of the Tibetan Plateau and the implications

High mountains may play significant roles in the global transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This work aims to investigate the levels, patterns and distribution of semi-volatile organoclorine pollutants and to improve the understanding of the long-range atmospheric transport and fate of contaminants on the Tibetan Plateau. A total of 60 fish samples were collected from eight lakes located between 2813 and 4718 m above sea level across the Plateau. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in fish muscle. The results showed that concentrations of DDT, HCH and HCB were comparable to or lower than those found in remote mountains of Europe, Canada and US, while PCB concentrations in fish were, on average, about 4-150 times lower on Tibet than at other mountain areas. The transport and fate of contaminants in the Plateau are significantly influenced by the unique climatological and meteorological conditions, particularly by the summer Indian monsoon and winter westerly jet stream.     

不同时段洞庭湖区土地利用/覆被变化及退田还湖的影响

土地利用/覆被变化的研究与分析,可以科学阐述区域人-地关系地域系统的结构变化规律、驱动力等,有助于规范人类行为、协调人地关系,从而为更好的进行自然资源综合管理和生态系统管理提供科学依据.本文以1995、2000和2005年的土地利用/覆被变化分析为基础,以退田还湖工程为切入点,系统分析洞庭湖区三个时期的土地利用格局、变化及其驱动力,初步阐述了退田还湖工程这一重要的生态恢复工程对湖区土地利用变化的影响.研究发现,退田还湖工程促进了耕地向湿地的转化,使移民迁入区和迁出区的土地利用结构都会发生重大变化.最后,指出对于洞庭湖区退田还湖工程的实施与管理,各级政府一定要起到宏观调控的指导作用,包括要从战略上予以规范、规划,积极引导人们的土地利用活动向着科学、和谐的方向发展,必要时还需要辅以行政、经济或法律措施,促进各种土地资源间的合理流转,以实现土地利用综合效益的最大化,为区域的适应性和可持续性管理提供了参考依据.     

多级模糊模式识别模型及在长江水质评价中的应用

利用多级模糊模式识别方法的基本理论,通过多目标优选,计算指标综合权重,给出了长江水质的评价模型;利用该模型对长江干流四川境内的5个观测断面的水质监测结果做出了评价:攀枝花、重庆朱沱和宜宾凉姜沟的水质属Ⅱ级,乐山岷江大桥和泸州沱江二桥的水质属Ⅲ级.评价结果不仅体现了水质级别,更体现了同级别水质中不同的污染程度,因而结果更为合理可靠.     

含中间层的DSA电极电催化氧化硝基苯废水的研究

为了提高难降解有机废水的可生化性，以及更高效地去除废水中的特征污染物，同时避免二次污染，利用自制的含锡锑中间层的钌钯氧化物涂层电极对有机废水中的硝基苯进行处理，并利用SEM、XRD等方法对电极中间层、表层进行微观表征。微观测试表明，基体、中间层、表层之间结合力较强，有利于增强电极寿命；水处理实验表明，电催化氧化反应体系适合高浓度有机废水的处理，由于该反应体系需要外加电解质加强传质，这在实际运用中为废水中盐度的处理提供了一种新的途径，当电流密度为20 mA/cm²、电解质浓度为10 g/L、pH=5、极板间距=2 cm时，电催化氧化体系对硝基苯具有较高的去除效率。