潮白河北京段底栖动物与水质相关性研究

于2013—2014年对潮白河北京段的大型底栖无脊椎动物群落分布进行了采样调查,共检出底栖动物4门9纲16目48科。利用3种基于底栖动物的评价指数对各采样点的水质进行了评价,结果表明,潮白河北京段水质总体为"健康"等级。底栖动物指数与水质因子的相关性分析得出,底栖动物指数与COD、总氮、总磷、氨氮等水质因子之间具有显著的相关性。     

浦阳江干流河流生态缓冲带土地利用类型对水质和底栖动物的影响

为揭示河流生态缓冲带土地利用变化对水质和水生生物多样性的影响,以浦阳江干流为研究对象,通过底栖动物野外采集、水质分析和河岸带土地利用解译,分析其干流河流生态缓冲带土地利用类型与河流水质和底栖动物多样性之间的关系.结果 表明,高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、氨氮(NH3-N)和总磷(TP)与林业用地呈负相关,但与农业用地显著正相关.底栖动物群落多样性与农业用地呈显著正相关,但与城镇用地显著负相关.冗余分析结果显示,浦阳江上游浦江段河流生态缓冲带中农业用地对底栖动物影响最大,中下游的诸暨段建设用地对底栖动物的影响最大.这表明同一条河流的上下游,河流生态缓冲带中农业和建设用地对底栖动物多样性的影响可能不同.河流生态缓冲带修复实践中,增加林地面积和自然岸线比例对河流水生生物多样性恢复与保护有促进作用.     

杭州西湖底栖动物群落结构及其水质生物学评价

2017年对西湖9个点位的底栖动物进行季度调查,共采集到3门7纲25种底栖动物。底栖动物年均密度为280.3个/m~2,主要类别为水生昆虫、寡毛类、软体动物,优势种为羽摇蚊(Chironomus plumosus)和圆田螺(Cipangopaludina)。空间分布上,不同湖区的底栖动物组成存在不同,在主湖区(少年宫、外湖心)底栖动物主要为水生昆虫,摇蚊幼虫为绝对优势种,而湖西区(西里湖、茅家埠、金沙港、乌龟潭、浴鹄湾)底栖动物主要为软体动物。季节变化上,底栖动物密度分布为冬季秋季夏季春季。寡毛类全年采样出现频次较低,作为耐污染种,这表明西湖水环境质量变好。西湖的Shannon-Wiener生物多样性指数(H’)年均值为1.27,西湖水质为轻污染,其中茅家埠、金沙港和乌龟潭点位H’较高,与所在湖区生长大量沉水植物,生境更加稳定有关。H’与加权营养状态指数(TLI(∑))在对西湖个别点位水质评价结果上存在差异,鉴于西湖底栖动物生境易受外界影响导致群落波动较大,因此认为TLI(∑)的评价结果更为准确。     

运河(杭州段)底栖动物的污染生态调查

1983年5月～1984年1月,用彼得生采泥器,结合虎红染色分选法,对运河杭州段干流及一支流进行了4次调查,共发现底栖动物34种。干流中只有16种,其中南面4个断面底栖动物绝迹;支流中则有31种。各采样点底栖动物在个体数量上均以颤蚓科居绝对优势,其中3种尤为突出。对一些种类的耐污性作了分析。底栖动物Shannon指数与BOD_5等水化参数关系密切,据此对该河段的水质作了评价。     

用大型底栖动物对武汉南湖水质的生物学评价

2003年6月至2004年5月季度性调查武汉南湖大型底栖动物的种类组成,并对水质理化指标进行测定.结果表明,大型底栖动物由寡毛类和水生昆虫组成,密度为4 437个/m2,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和刺铗长足摇蚊;大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margelef多样性指数表明南湖水质为中等污染状态;历年夏季水体中主要营养元素含量的变化,进一步描述了近年来南湖富营养化的加剧进程.     

邛海水生生物多样性调查及富营养状态评价

2013年9月对邛海进行了浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物及水质调查。结果表明:(1)邛海优势浮游植物有5门16种,优势浮游动物有4大类7种,优势底栖动物3大类6种,分别以具星小环藻(Cyclotella stelligera)、毛饰拟剑水溞(Paracyclops fimbratus)、克拉伯水丝蚓(L.claparedianus)为常见种。(2)浮游植物种类与生物量上升,水生态系统发生变化。优势藻类向绿藻转变,由清水性种类向喜营养性种类演替,喜高营养盐耐污物种容易采集,底栖动物中普遍性检出耐污性强的克拉伯水丝蚓。(3)邛海湖区处于中营养水平,存在一定的富营养化风险。     

青山水库底栖动物群落初步研究

1996年10月－1997年7月对青山水库底栖大型无脊椎动物群落进行了4次采样调查,共发现大型底栖无脊椎动物16种,其中寡毛类5种,水生昆虫7种,软件动物2种,蛭类和线虫各1种。青山水库底栖动物群落密度和生物量的水平变化为库出口＞库中心＞进口。湖区底栖动物群落占优势的各类为：刺夹长足摇蚊（Tanypus punctipennis）、花翅前突摇蚊（Procladius choreus)和霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)。调查结果表明,目前青山水库底栖动物群落的种类组成指示该水体已属富营养型,但从生物量上分析,目前青山水库应属中营养。     

热排放对湘江大型底栖无脊椎动物的影响

湘潭电厂温排水对湘江湘潭电厂江段大型底栖无脊椎动物 (以下简称底栖动物 )种类组成和数量变化的影响表明 ,在强增温区底栖动物不能生存 ;自然水温在 2 6℃以下的季节里 ,中、低增温区底栖动物种类和数量比自然水体要丰富 ,多样性指数值相应增高 ;突然停止温排 ,增温区内喜温动物有可能受冷冲击而死亡。     

富春江水库大型底栖动物群落的初步研究

2006年3、6、9、12月,对富春江水库大型底栖动物进行了4次采样调查.鉴定结果表明,富春江水库共发现大型底栖动物20种,平均密度为375.10 ind/m2.从群落结构上看,数量上寡毛类占优势,生物量则明显由软体动物占优势.底栖动物群落密度和生物量存在明显的季节变化,冬季及早春高,夏季低.底栖动物空间分布也存在差异...     

秋季艾比湖流域水质综合分析与评价

河流综合水质评价是水环境治理中的基础性工作。于2014年10月在艾比湖流域的55个采样点采集地表水样,将pH、COD、溶解氧(DO)作为评价因子,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗污染指数法和综合污染指数法进行了水质评价,并探讨了艾比湖流域的总体污染状况。结果表明:(1)艾比湖流域4种水体污染程度为河流裸露湖床水库农田灌溉水;(2)艾比湖流域中部区域的水质污染最严重,西部和东部区域的水质仍处于清洁状态。本研究为干旱区流域地表水资源的治理与保护提供参考依据。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.