Systematic analysis of microfauna indicator values for treatment performance in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

The indicator values of microfauna functional groups and species for treatment performancewere systematically evaluated based on the continuous monitoring of the entire microfauna communities including both protozoa and metazoa over a period of 14 months, in two parallel full-scale municipalwastewater treatment systems in a plant in Beijing, China. A total of 57 species of ciliates, 14 species (units) of amoebae, 14 species (units) of flagellates and4 classes of small metazoawere identified,with Arcella hemisphaerica, Vorticella striata, Vorticella convallaria, Epistylis plicatilis and small flagellates (e.g. Bodo spp.) as thedominant protozoa, and rotifers as thedominant metazoa. The abundance of the sessile ciliateswas correlatedwith the removals of BOD 5 (Pearson’s r = 0.410, p < 0.05) and COD Cr (r = 0.397, p < 0.05)while the testate amoebaewas significantly positively related to nitrification (r = 0.523, p < 0.01). At the same time, some other associationswere also identified: the abundances of the large flagellates (r = 0.447, p < 0.01), the metazoa (r = 0.718, p < 0.01) and species Aspidisca sulcata (r = 0.337, p < 0.05)were positively related to nitrification; the abundance of Aspidisca costatawas correlated to the TN (total nitrogen) removal (r = -0.374, p < 0.05 ); the abundances of the sessile species Carchesium polypinum (r = 0.458, p < 0.01) and E. plicatilis (r = 0.377, p < 0.05)were correlatedwith the removal of suspended solids.     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

城市生物质厌氧产酸构建碳源的研究进展

城市污水生物处理脱氮除磷阶段缺乏高效优质碳源,是国内外污水处理厂普遍面临的主要问题之一。通常采用投加外部碳源的方法提高脱氮除磷效率。常用的外加碳源包括传统的甲醇、乙酸、葡萄糖等,以及高浓度的有机废水及其发酵产物,污泥消化液等。传统投加外碳源如甲醇、乙酸、葡萄糖等成本较高,并且甲醇存在一定的毒性和运输问题。开发经济有效的新型可替代碳源成为目前新的研究热点。利用城市废弃生物质,如可生化性好的啤酒废水、淀粉废水,或城市污水厂剩余污泥的厌氧发酵产物作为污水厂外加碳源,研究发现产物中含有较多的短链挥发性脂肪酸(如乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等),其反硝化效率较单一乙酸做碳源要高,同时还可以节约碳源成本,是一种经济有效的可替代碳源。     

水稻对不同土壤中硒酸盐/亚硒酸盐的吸收和富集

通过土培试验研究了在3种类型土壤(红壤、黑土和灰钙土)上施用不同价态硒肥(Na2 SeO3或Na2 SeO4)条件下,水稻地上部硒含量的变化.结果表明,在水稻幼苗期,3种土壤上Se4+硒肥处理的水稻幼苗地上部硒含量高于Se6+硒肥处理.施用Se4+硒肥,红壤、黑土及灰钙土中水稻幼苗的硒含量分别为5.76、1.18和1.11 mg· kg-1,分别为对照的2.5、4.7和6.9倍;施用Se6+硒肥,红壤、黑土及灰钙土中水稻幼苗的硒含量分别为4.70、0.66和0.73 mg·kg-1.在水稻成熟期,施用Se4+硒肥后,红壤、黑土及灰钙土中水稻籽粒中硒含量分别由对照中的0.34、0.05和0.05 mg·kg-1增加到0.94、0.14和0.20 mg·kg-1;施用Se6+硒肥后,红壤、黑土及灰钙土中水稻籽粒中硒含量分别为1.13、0.12、0.16mg·kg-1.不同价态硒肥处理和土壤类型对水稻幼苗和成熟地上部硒含量都有显著影响.在pH值低的红壤上施用Se6+硒肥效果更好,而在pH值高的黑土和灰钙土上施用Se4+硒肥效果更好;从环境风险和硒对植物毒性的角度考虑,硒肥以亚硒酸盐的形式施用比较好.     

厌氧发酵沼气提纯技术研究进展

厌氧消化产生的沼气主要成分是甲烷(CH4)50%～70%和二氧化碳(CO2)30%～50%,是一种可持续有价值的能量来源。随着矿石燃料的枯竭,沼气利用的需求不断增长,将沼气提纯到甲烷含量90%以上可取代天然气而受到广泛关注。目前沼气提纯在工业上主要通过变压吸附、吸收或膜分离等技术实现CO2的去除,也有研究者探索了原位沼气提纯技术,即在厌氧反应器中通过一定的措施实现沼气提纯,为现阶段沼气提纯技术提供新的思路和研究方向。     

无电晕式静电除尘器新型材料电发射特性试验研究

在不同的温度和电压条件下,对自行开发的新型阴极分别在不同的介质中进行了静态和动态试验研究。研究发现,阴极的发射电流密度随着温度和电压的升高而增大;高压有利于动态条件下电子发射;在静态实验条件下的发射电流密度要比动态实验条件下大很多,这主要是由于阴极发生中毒以及离子迁移率的减小造成的,烟气中的粉尘也对阴极的电子发射有一定的影响。     

火化烟气中二噁英类排放特征及其对周边环境影响研究

文章对国内不同地区8台无后处理设备和2台带有后处理设备的火化炉烟气中二噁英类的排放情况进行了研究。结果表明,8组未经后处理的烟气中二噁英类浓度范围为52.01～332.97 ng/m3,总二噁英类毒性当量浓度范围为:1.27～5.14 ng TEQ/m3,2组经后处理设备的火化机烟气中二噁英类浓度分别为16.53 ng/m3,20 ng/m3,总二噁英类毒性当量浓度分别为0.39 ng TEQ/m3,0.28ng TEQ/m3,均已降低到国标要求的0.5 ng TEQ/m3限制以下。对火化烟气中二噁英类同系物的分析表明,氯代数目多的同系物浓度要低于氯代数目少的同系物浓度。此外,对4个火葬场周边土壤中二噁英浓度的测试表明,火葬场周边土壤中二噁英浓度低于多数国家对于居住地二英土壤浓度的限制。该研究为火化烟气污染治理的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

三峡库区面源污染综合管理前景与方法探究

文章阐述了目前国内外面源污染的现状,在研究国内外有关面源污染模型并结合三峡库区流域具体的流域污染特点的基础之上,探讨三峡库区面源污染综合管理方案,开创了三峡流域面源污染研究的新阶段,同时为三峡库区规划和管理提供决策依据。     

Enhanced antioxidant capacity and upregulated transporter genes contribute to the UV-B-induced increase in blinin in Conyza blinii

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Conyza blinii (C. blinii) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant mainly grown in Sichuan, China. C. blinii is suitable for studying the mechanism of...     

温州城市河流中多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源

利用气相色谱/质谱联用仪（GC/MS）对温州九山外河和山下河春夏季水体和表层沉积物中18种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行了分析.结果表明,研究河段河水和沉积物中18种PAHs含量范围为146.74～3 047.89 ng·L-1和21.01～11 990.48ng·g-1,春季水体和沉积物中的PAHs含量显著高于夏季.水体和沉积物中主要以2、3、4环的中低环PAHs为主,但沉积物中5、6环PAHs的含量相对高于水样中的含量.研究河段春季和夏季水样中EBaP值分别为1.69～51.95 ng·L-1和0～3.03ng·L-1,春季水样中有80%超过我国地表水环境质量标准中BaP的限值.春夏季沉积物中ΣPAHs含量均小于ERM限值,只有部分PAHs组分含量高于ERM值,可能会对生物产生较大的毒副作用.通过PAHs特征化合物分子比值法和主成分分析法判源,发现研究河段水体表现出石油源和燃烧源的复合来源特征,沉积物表现出燃烧源占更大比例的复合来源特征。