1,2,4-三氯苯厌氧还原脱氯过程及荧光增白剂PF对脱氯过程影响研究

南京某化工厂生产荧光增白剂PF(1,2-双(5-甲基-2-苯并唑基)-乙烯,调查发现其地下水中存在多种污染物:1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)、二氯苯同分异构体(DCB)、一氯苯(MCB)、苯和PF.场地多年监测结果显示很可能存在厌氧条件下氯苯类污染物的自然降解.为了探索污染物降解机制并确定荧光增白剂PF对该脱氯过程的影响,笔者通过室内实验发现1,2,4-TCB被脱氯为1,2-DCB、1,3-DCB和1,4-DCB,摩尔比率约为10%、35%、55%.随着1,2,4-TCB投喂次数的增加,降解菌的脱氯速度越来越快,最高可达到7μmol·d~(-1).1,2-DCB和1,3-DCB先脱氯产生MCB,1,4-DCB滞后约两周开始降解,脱氯速度从第14周的0.19μmol·d~(-1)增加到第17周的0.88μmol·d~(-1),并在第108 d左右消耗完全.虽然1,2-DCB和1,3-DCB比1,4-DCB先开始脱氯,但脱氯速度相对缓慢,1,2-DCB的脱氯速度从第12周的0.001μmol·d~(-1)增加到第15周的0.21μmol·d~(-1),1,3-DCB的脱氯速度从第12周的0.06μmol·d~(-1)增加到第17周的0.14μmol·d~(-1).DCBs降解产生的MCB在第160 d左右开始脱氯生成苯,脱氯速度从第23周的0.296μmol·d~(-1)到第25周的1.94μmol·d~(-1)再到第28周的0.007μmol·d~(-1).同时,实验结果表明荧光增白剂PF不会改变1,2,4-TCB的脱氯过程,但在MCB脱氯到苯的过程中具有一定的抑制作用.     

近25年洞庭湖水质演变趋势及下降风险

利用1991~2015年水质数据研究了洞庭湖水质演变特征,识别了主要驱动因子,并探讨了水质下降对其生态风险影响.结果表明,1991~2015年间,洞庭湖水质总体呈下降趋势,TN和TP是影响水质变化的主要指标,其浓度年均值分别介于1.060~2.072mg/L和0.026~0.146mg/L;其中,1991~2002年间,TN和TP浓度均显著上升,多元回归分析显示水位和泥沙淤积是导致洞庭湖TN和TP浓度升高的主要因素;2003~2015年间,TN浓度进一步明显上升,而TP浓度维持高位,波动变化,氮、磷负荷输入量和水位是影响TN和TP浓度变化的主要因素.洞庭湖生态风险等级则由轻微风险转变为中等风险,TP是影响生态风险的主要水质指标;受洪水、农业面源污染和城市化等影响,洞庭湖磷风险时空差异较大,1991~2008年间,各湖区磷风险均有所升高,其中西洞庭湖磷风险增长幅度最大;2009~2015年,各湖区磷风险均有所降低,其中西洞庭湖下降幅度最大,而东洞庭湖下降幅度较小.因此,进一步控制入湖氮磷负荷、优化水位及重点关注磷风险是保护洞庭湖水生态的重要举措.     

温度, 光照和盐度对产麻痹性贝类毒素藻类生长及产毒的影响

为探究温度、光照和盐度对产麻痹性贝类毒素（PSP）藻类生长及产毒的影响,本文选取了4株产麻痹性贝毒的藻种（塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）香港株（ATHK）、微小亚历山大藻（A.minimum）台湾株（AMSY）、链状亚历山大藻（A.catenella）南海株（ACSY）和链状裸甲藻（Gymnodinium catenatum）防城巷株（GCFC））在不同光照（60、120和200 μmol/（m2·s））、温度（16、22和28℃）和盐度（25、30和35）条件下生长及产毒的变化。结果显示,22℃最适宜4株藻的生长。低温可促进PSP的产生,除GCFC外,其余3株藻的单位细胞产毒量均随温度的升高而降低。ATHK和AMSY的生长与光照正相关。AMSY和GCFC的单位藻细胞产毒量与光照强度正相关,光照为120 μmol/（m2·s）时ATHK和ACSY产毒量最高,弱光均不利于4种藻产毒。盐度30条件下ATHK,AMSY和GCFC长势较好,高盐度（盐度35）促进ACSY的生长。ATHK的单位细胞产毒量均随盐度的升高而增加,AMSY和ACSY在高盐和低盐条件下产毒量均较大,GCFC则在盐度为30条件下产毒量最高。     

“十二五”期间黑龙江省城市饮用水水源地环境问题与对策研究

黑龙江省从2006年开始部署和落实全省饮用水水源地环境保护调查、评估和规划工作。截止至2015年,全省参与调查评估的地级城市集中式饮用水水源地共计36个,涉及取水量86 262.2万吨/年,服务人口1 034.4万人。"十二五"期间,全省水源地水质达标率有所下降,水量达标率呈上升趋势,水质连续五年未能达到Ⅲ类的水源地合计4个,主要超标因子为铁、锰、氨氮。我省水源地监测能力建设、规范化管理、风险防范和应急能力等方面仍存在问题。需从多方面入手加强水源地保护。     

陕西省成品油供应链现状及优化建议

介绍了陕西省成品油生产、消费、流通等环节的现状,针对各环节潜在问题提出了优化建议:加强采炼销环节管理,实现采炼销动态平衡;加强配送中心建设,高效链接一次物流和二次物流环节;加强信息网络建设,高度集成各环节管理系统和油品信息资源;加强全链条环节的油气回收,建立污染排放清单。     

DECISION SUPPORT FOR ALLOCATION OF WATERSHED POLLUTION LOAD USING GREY FUZZY MULTIOBJECTIVE PROGRAMMING1

ABSTRACT: This paper uses the grey fuzzy multiobjective programming to aid in decision making for the allocation of waste load in a river system under versatile uncertainties and risks. It differs from previous studies by considering a multicriteria objective function with combined grey and fuzzy messages under a cost benefit analysis framework. Such analysis technically integrates the prior information of water quality models, water quality standards, wastewater treatment costs, and potential benefits gained via in‐stream water quality improvement. While fuzzy sets are characterized based on semantic and cognitive vagueness in decision making, grey numbers can delineate measurement errors in data collection. By employing three distinct set theoretic fuzzy operators, the synergy of grey and fuzzy implications may smoothly characterize the prescribed management complexity. With the aid of genetic algorithm in the solution procedure, the modeling outputs contribute to the development of an effective waste load allocation and reduction scheme for tributaries in this subwatershed located in the lower Tseng‐Wen River Basin, South Taiwan. Research findings indicate that the inclusion of three fuzzy set theoretic operators in decision analysis may delineate different tradeoffs in decision making due to varying changes, transformations, and movements of waste load in association with land use pattern within the watershed.     

人类活动对铬生物地球化学循环的影响

通过建立2个简单的铬生物地球化学循环模型PM和CM,来说明人类工业活动对铬的生物地球化学循环的影响。通过对PM和CM的比较发现,人类的工业活动向陆地、海水和大气圈的输入通量,占其各自总输入通量的69.65%、56.96%和38.23%。     

污泥厌氧消化前处理技术研究现状及展望

污泥厌氧消化产生的沼气用于发电是一种具有广阔应用前景的垃圾资源化方法.厌氧消化前采用不同的预处理方法能促进污泥内微生物细胞的分解、加速胞内物质的释放、加快污泥的水解速率,这是增强污泥厌氧消化性能的关键.综述了当前研究和应用较多的物理法、化学法和生物法等污泥预处理技术,分析了各种方法的原理、特点、处理效果及应用前景.     

Dioxins and their fingerprint in size-classified fly ash fractions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China--mechanical grate and fluidized bed units

The distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), in brief dioxins, has seldom been addressed systematically in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). This study shows the amount and fingerprint of PCDD/Fs in fly ash from four different Chinese MSWIs, that is, three mechanical grate units and one circulating fluidized bed unit. In these fly ash samples, dioxins-related parameters (international toxic equivalent quantity, total amount of PCDD/Fs, individual isomer classes, and 17 toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners) all tend to increase with decreasing particle size for mechanical grate incinerators, yet only for the finest fraction for fluidized bed units. Moreover, the fluidized bed incinerator seems superior to grate incineration in controlling dioxins, yet a comparison is hampered by internal differences in the sample, for example, the fluidized bed fly ash has much lower carbon and chlorine contents. In addition, the presence of sulfur from mixing coal as supplemental fuel to the MSW may poison the catalytic steps in dioxins formation and thus suppress the formation of dioxins. With more residual carbon and chlorine in the fly ash, it is easier to form dioxins during cooling. Nevertheless, there is no apparent relation between Fe, Cu, and Zn contents and that of dioxins in fly ash.