玉米芯为碳源实现酸性矿山废水生物处理

引入了一种新的碳源——玉米芯，对SRB法处理酸性矿山废水进行了更加深入的探索，分析了各种参数条件对s暖一还原效果的影响，确定了常温下这种碳源所需要的最适宜工况条件，探讨了硫酸盐矿山废水的水质资源化问题，并对山西矿山废水的生物治理进行了可行性实验验证。实验证明，玉米芯为碳源时，矿山废水中SO^2-4的出水值可达221．1mg／L，金属离子的浓度也都达到了生活饮用水的质量标准，所以玉米芯可作为酸性矿山废水资源化生物处理的合适有效碳源。     

土壤镉污染调查研究

本文阐述了重金属镉对植物和人体危害的机理，描述了土壤镉的主要来源，并开展了城郊及矿山周围土壤镉污染现状调查。调查结果提醒人们提高土壤质量意识，重视土壤镉污染并进行土壤修复，保护生态环境、实现农业的可持续发展。     

水解-接触氧化工艺处理针织染整废水

介绍了采用水解-接触氧化工艺处理针织染整废水,工程运行结果表明：CODcr和色度的去除率分别达到91.3%、88%,最终排放污水达到国家污水Ⅰ级标准.该工艺具有处理效果好、经济、运行稳定等特点,在染整废水处理中具有实用性.     

Sustainability of Current Agricultural Practices in The Cameron Highlands, Malaysia

Cameron Highlands is a mountainous region with steep slopes. Gradients exceeding 20^∘ are common. The climate is favourable to the cultivation of tea, sub-tropical vegetables and flowers (under rain-shelter). Crop production is sustained by high fertiliser and manure applications. However, agriculture in this environment is characterised by high levels of soil erosion and environmental pollution. A study on the sustainability of these agro-ecosystems was conducted. Results indicated that soil loss was in the range of 24–42 ton/ha/yr under vegetables and 1.3 ton under rain-shelter. Sediment load in the vegetable sub-catchment reached 3.5 g/L, 50 times higher than that associated with flowers under rain-shelter and tea. The sediments contained high nutrient loads of up to 470 kg N/ha/yr. The N, P and K lost in runoff from cabbage farms was 154 kg/season/ha, whereas in chrysanthemum farms it was 5 kg. In cabbage farms, the N, P, and K lost through leaching was 193 kg/season/ha. The NO₃–N concentration in the runoff from the cabbage farms reached 25 ppm but less than 10 ppm in runoff from rain-shelters. Inorganic pollution in the rivers was within the acceptable limit of 10 ppm. The sustainability of the agro-ecosystems is in the order of tea { > } rain–shelter ≫ vegetables.     

Residues of endosulfan and other selected organochlorine pesticides in farm areas of the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada

Crop soils, ditch sediments, and water flowing from several farm areas to salmon tributary streams of the Fraser River in the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) of British Columbia, Canada, were sampled in 2002-2003 to quantify for residues of an organochlorine cyclodiene pesticide, endosulfan (END = alpha-endosulfan + beta-endosulfan + endosulfan sulfate). Residues from historical use of other selected organochlorine pesticides, namely, cyclodienes (aldrin, alpha-chlordane, gamma-chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide), hexachlorocyclohexanes [alpha-benzene-hexachloride (alpha-BHC), beta-BHC, delta-BHC, and gamma-BHC (lindane)], and DDT-related compounds (p,p-DDT, p,p-DDD, p,p-DDE, and methoxychlor) were also determined. Reference and background levels of these pesticides in ditches leading to fish streams were obtained from pristine watershed areas. Varying amounts of END residues were detected in soils (<0.02-5.60 mg kg(-1) dry wt.) and ditch sediments (<0.02-3.33 mg kg(-1) dry wt.) in mainly three of five farm areas sampled. Likewise, residues (excluding END) of other selected organochlorine compounds such as aldrin, BHC, chlordane, endrin, p,p-DDT, methoxychlor, and their respective major transformation products (endosulfan sulfate, dieldrin, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, p,p-DDD, and p,p-DDE) were found in crop soils (<0.02-16.2 mg kg(-1) dry wt.) and sediments (<0.02-9.73 mg kg(-1) dry wt.). Most of these pesticides (END: <0.01-1.86 microg L(-1); other selected organochlorine pesticides: <0.0.1-1.50 microg L(-1)) were also found in ditch water leading to salmon streams in several farms. The END levels of crop soils from the same LFV study farms in 1994 and 2003 indicated an estimated decline of 22% to 1.35 mg kg(-1) dry wt. during that period. This reduction was probably due to the increasing use of alternate pesticides (e.g., organophosphorus compounds). Some possible biological implications of these pesticide residues on nontarget organisms in the LFV are discussed.     

运动消耗对草鱼幼鱼游泳能力的影响

以草鱼幼鱼（体长80~97 cm，体重96~134 g）为研究对象，采用实验室专利装置研究了不同运动消耗状态下的草鱼幼鱼游泳能力。结果表明：在正常状态下草鱼幼鱼的临界游泳速度[WTBX]（Ucrit）为711±060 BL/s，耗氧率（MO2）与流速（U）方程拟合为MO2=4705+419U123，耗氧率随着流速的增大而增大，且草鱼的有氧运动效率较高。在4种运动消耗状态（06Ucrit、08Ucrit、10Ucrit、12Ucrit）流速下运动1 h草鱼的消耗后临界游泳速度（Upcrit）分别为：725±135、633±06、626±08、560±04 BL/s，临界游泳速度随着前期消耗流速的增大而减小，相应的耗氧率方程拟合为：MO2=38269+465U144，MO2=44526+4223U146，MO2=46611+4790U149，MO2=60034+3883U151。运动消耗会导致草鱼的有氧运动效率降低，同时随着运动消耗速度的增加有氧运动效率随之降低。研究结果认为在设计以草鱼为主要过鱼对象的过鱼设施时，鱼道内的流速不应大于08Ucrit，以使鱼类顺利通过。针对不同过鱼对象游泳特性进行设计的鱼道能够提高鱼类通过鱼道的效率     

基于BMPs的鄱阳湖区小流域农村面源污染控制

鄱阳湖小流域农村面源污染严重，环境问题不断加剧。通过背景值调查与污染源解析，显示农村生活和种植业是鄱阳湖小流域农村面源污染的主要来源。采取集成式BMPs模式，将源头控制与末端治理相结合，充分利用当地优势，合理搭配植物缓冲带、沟渠湿地、人工湿地，兼性塘等，实现氮、磷流失的有效拦截，达到有效控制示范区小流域农村面源污染目的，从而为鄱阳湖农村面源污染控制提供借鉴。结果表明： BMPs系统污染物去除能力高，运行成本低。系统单位面积削减总量分别为CODcr 71017 kg、SS 11491 kg、TP 408 kg、TN 3593 kg、NO-3 N 474 kg、NH+4 N 1918 kg，而运行成本不到01元/t。整个系统中尤以表面流人工湿地减污效果最好，耐负荷冲击能力最强。沟渠湿地整体去污能力不低，但耐冲击负荷能力弱，易受外界因素的影响。为加强减污效果，可通过完善生态系统尤其是挺水性植物加以改进     

近十年鄱阳湖区极端干旱事件频发现象成因初析

近10 a来鄱阳湖区极端干旱事件频发，引起国内外媒体舆论的广泛关注。针对这一情况，运用流域降水、地表蒸散和出湖径流等数据，从流域水量收支平衡的角度，较为系统地分析了导致鄱阳湖区极端干旱事件频发的原因。结果表明，近10 a来鄱阳湖水文干旱起始日期提前，枯水期拉长。虽然干旱持续时间的长短呈现2~3 a的波动，但在总体上呈现逐渐加长的趋势。从流域水分收支的角度来看，近10 a来以水分亏缺为主，流域降水亏缺是基本的致旱因素，流域蒸散量增加则起到一定的增强作用，而出湖径流所起的作用比较复杂，在多数情况下其致旱的影响程度弱于流域降水作用。长江顶托作用强弱变化可以调节流域的水分收支平衡，强化或者减轻湖泊的干旱程度。2003、2004、2007、2008和2009年发生的极端干旱事件主要由流域水分收入项的大幅度减少所造成的，而长江水情变化在多数情况下加剧了流域水分收支的不平衡。这些研究结果明晰了鄱阳湖流域气象干旱与湖泊水文干旱之间的关系以及长江水情变化所扮演的重要角色，为应对未来的干旱变化和制定合理的抗旱防旱对策与措施提供了科学的依据     

参与农业技术培训能否促进农户实施绿色生产行为?——基于家庭禀赋视角的ESR模型分析

农业技术培训对农户实施绿色生产行为的影响是推进农村生态环境治理关注的重要问题.基于农户家庭禀赋影响其参与农业技术培训,进而导致其绿色生产行为实施差异的分析思路,利用内生转换回归(ESR)模型和来自湖北省的1063份农户微观调查数据,在构建反事实场景和考虑样本选择偏差的基础上,考察了参与和未参与农业技术培训两种情形下农户实施绿色生产行为的差异.结果表明:(1)参与农业技术培训农户的绿色生产行为实施程度显著高于未参与农业技术培训的农户,且平均处理效应表明,参与农业技术培训可使预期的农户绿色生产行为实施程度提高40.13％;(2)参与农业技术培训对不同类型绿色生产行为的处理效应由大到小依次为化肥减施、节水灌溉、农药减施、农膜回收和秸秆综合利用;(3)无论是否参与农业技术培训,家庭禀赋对农户实施绿色生产行为均有显著影响,但不同类型的家庭禀赋对参与和未参与农业技术培训农户的影响存在差异.此外,家庭禀赋也是影响农户参与农业技术培训的重要因素.政府应积极拓宽农业技术推广渠道,加快转变技术推广方式,兼顾"农业生产"和"生态环境保护"两者,进一步开展环境友好型农业技术培训.     

Occurrence of benzotriazoles (BTRs) in indoor air from Albany,New York,USA, and its implications for inhalation exposure

Despite the widespread use of benzotriazoles as corrosion inhibitors in many household goods, studies on the occurrence of these compounds in indoor air are scarce. In this study, five benzotriazole derivatives were measured in 83 indoor air samples collected from various locations in Albany, New York, USA. Benzotriazoles were found in a majority of the indoor air samples, and the concentrations of their sum in bulk (vapor plus particulate phases) indoor air ranged from below the method limit of quantification to 492 ng·m^?3 (geometric mean: 5.8 ng·m^?3). The highest geometric mean concentration was found in air samples collected in parking garages (155 ng·m^?3), followed by barbershops (13.6), public places (11.5), auto repair shops (5.2), automobiles (4.5), homes (4.5), offices (3.7), and laboratories (2.8). Inhalation exposure to benzotriazoles was calculated on the basis of the measured geometric mean concentrations and air inhalation rate. The highest exposure dose was found for teenagers, with a geometric mean inhalation exposure dose of 79 ng·day^?1. The body-weight normalized exposure dose, however, was the highest for infants, at 3.2 ng·(kg bw)^?1·day^?1.