Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

Comparative study of microbial community structure in di erent filter media of constructed wetland

Comparisons of microbial community structure, in eight filter media of zeolites, anthracite, shale, vermiculite, ceramic filter media, gravel, steel slag and bio-ceramic, were undertaken by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition. A total of 20 fatty acids in the range of C11 to C20 were determined but only 13 PLFAs were detected in steel slag. They consist of saturated fatty acids, branched fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The variation of fatty acids was revealed in the relative proportions of these fatty acids in di erent media. The aerobic prokaryotes were the predominant group in all media. The PLFA composition showed significant di erences among the eight di erent media by Tukey’s honestly test. It was found that steel slag was significantly di erent in the microbial community as compared to other filter media, probably due to its alkaline e uent. Steel slag alone is probably not a good choice of substratum in constructed wetlands. The principle components analysis (PCA) showed that zeolites, bio-ceramic, shale and vermiculite had a similar microbial community structure while steel slag and ceramic filter media were distinct from other media.     

Effect of seed sludge on characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by using different kinds of seed sludge in sequencing batch airlift reactor.The influence of seed sludge on physical and chemical properties of granular sludge was studied;the microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that seed sludge played an important role on the formation of aerobic granules.Seed sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant(inoculum A) was more suitable for cultivating aerobic granules than that of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant(inoculum B).Cultivated with inoculum A, large amount of mature granules formed after 35 days operation, its SVI reached 32.75 mL/g, and SOUR of granular sludge was beyond 1.10 mg/(g·min).By contrast, it needed 56 days obtaining mature granules using inoculum B.DGGE profiles indicated that the dominant microbial species in mature granules were 18 and 11 OTU when inoculum A and B were respectively employed as seed sludge.The sequencing results suggested that dominant species in mature granules cultivated by inoculum A were Paracoccus sp., Devosia hwasunensi, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., while the dominant species were Lactococcus raffinolactis and Pseudomonas sp.in granules developed from inoculum B.     

Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain,China

In the past century, especially the past five decades, the grasslands of the West Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were rapidly converted into croplands and salinized wasteland, and experienced a fragmentation process that is still ongoing. Almost no information is available on the spatial-temporal changes of grasslands in this area. In this study, grassland cover change, agricultural reclamation and salinized wasteland expansion were investigated during the past five decades. Grassland fragmentation was studied based on four landscape metrics. The grassland cover change was detected from a time series of topographic maps from 1954, satellite images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1995, and 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, the land use changes were analyzed using a transition matrix of land use types, while the driving forces were explored according to climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. The results indicated a significant decrease in grassland area. Of the 1 418 945 ha of native grassland in 1954, approximately 64% was removed by 2000, while the number of patches (NP) increased from 865 to 2035 and the mean patch size (MPS) decreased from 1640 ha to 252 ha. During the whole study period, the average annual decrease rate of grassland was 34 894 ha/year. Cropland and salinized wasteland were the two main land use types into which grassland converted. During the past decades, obvious climatic changes occurred, which supplied a favorable potential environment for agricultural development but damaged grassland productivity. On the other hand, population, GDP and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. According to the results, the shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands may well be explained by socioeconomic development and aided by changing climatic conditions.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨氮养殖废水研究

以典型高浓度养殖废水经UASB-短程亚硝化工艺处理后的出水为对象,采用厌氧氨氧化工艺进行脱氮处理研究.以反硝化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,在此基础上,通过试验确定最佳进水氨氮负荷应处于0.2 kg/(m³·d)左右,系统的HRT定为2 d;通过对系统运行条件研究发现,最佳运行条件为：pH为7.50左右,温度为30℃且系统不需投加有机碳源.在优化条件下,系统最终氨氮去除率能达到85％以上,亚硝态氮去除率达到95％以上,系统运行效果良好,且具有重现性.最后通过动力学理论分析得出氨氮的降解速率为0.012 6 d^－1,亚硝态氮的降解速率为0.013 1 d^-1.通过研究以期为后续工艺、神经网络模拟及“UASB-短程亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化-土地系统"组合新工艺的工程推广应用提供一定的理论依据.     

生活污水中环境雌激素的厌氧消化行为特征及环境风险评价

为了研究生活污水中典型环境雌激素（estrogenic endocrine disruptors, EEDs）在上流式厌氧污泥床（upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB）和厌氧滤池（anaerobic filter, AF）中的行为特征和去除机制,采用固相萃取（SPE）LC/MS/MS分析方法,测定了9种EEDs的浓度和污泥吸附量,利用壬基酚当量（nonylphenol equivalent quantity, NEQ）进行了环境风险评价.结果表明,厌氧污泥对各EEDs的吸附能力与该物质的lgK_ow煤头肿映ざ认喙兀籙ASB对雌二醇（E2）和大豆苷元的去除率分别达83.2%和90.4%,AF对染料木素的去除率达81.6%; 9种EEDs在UASB和AF中的污泥水分配系数（K_p）分别为0.15～23.3和0.05～159.67;综合分析去除率和K_p值数据,揭示了生物降解是大豆苷元、染料木素、双酚A（BPA）和雌三醇（E3）的主要去除途径;出水的NEQ均小于美国EPA的壬基酚水质标准（28　μg·L^－１,小时平均浓度标准）,表明EEDs经厌氧处理后其环境风险有所降低.     

碳源类型对A~2O系统脱氮除磷的影响

采用52.5 L的A2O反应器,以乙酸和丙酸分别作为进水唯一碳源,系统研究了进水碳源类型对脱氮除磷和代谢过程的影响.结果表明,在进水COD为250 mg/L左右,NH+4-N为52 mg/L左右的条件下,原水碳源类型对TN的去除影响不大,系统TN去除率均在65%左右.进水碳源类型对TP的去除及相应污泥中PHA的类型、含量和代谢及糖原的变化影响较大.乙酸为唯一碳源时,厌氧区放磷浓度较高,污泥中PHA的成分主要为PHB和PHV,两者在厌氧区的合成量差别不大,PHB在随后的反应过程中变化较大,对除磷代谢过程起主要作用,而PHV的变化较小.丙酸作为进水唯一碳源时,厌氧区的放磷浓度偏低,主要合成PHV,几乎不含PHB,PHV在随后吸磷过程中浓度变化较大,对除磷代谢起主要作用,而且出水TP浓度偏低.碳源类型对污泥中糖原的代谢也有影响,乙酸为碳源时糖原的含量高,变化范围也较大,丙酸为碳源时糖原的变化幅度较小.在同步脱氮除磷系统中,与乙酸相比,丙酸是一种更合适的碳源.     

基质种类对活性污泥絮体性状的影响

利用葡萄糖、淀粉、乙酸钠和苯酚4种典型基质,分别在4个相同的序批式反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR)中培养活性污泥,并研究了基质种类对活性污泥絮体性状的影响.结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物培养的活性污泥胞外多糖含量最少,而苯酚所培养的活性污泥胞外蛋白质最多;从形成的EPS总量来看,苯酚最多,乙酸钠次之,葡萄糖和淀粉较少.不同基质培养的污泥Zeta电位也有一定差别,这是由EPS中多糖和蛋白质的比例不同造成的.红外分析表明,4种基质培养的污泥EPS中的主要基团较为相似,羧基、醇羟基、羧酸、酰胺和多聚糖均是EPS中的主要基团.此外,进水基质对活性污泥絮体的粒度分布及分形结构也有重要影响.     

高锰酸钾预氧化混凝去除水中颤藻的试验研究

采用KMnO4对颤藻氧化,再接种到培养液中进行培养,根据达到对数生长期的时间,考察KMnO4预氧化对颤藻生长活性的影响,并通过显微镜观察藻细胞的破裂情况,同时采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)对KMnO4预氧化水体进行混凝处理,结果表明:KMnO4对颤藻有很好的氧化效果,不同浓度KMnO4对颤藻生长活性的抑制时间不同;在投加量为2 mg/L以下时,预氧化没有破坏颤藻的细胞结构;模拟含藻水在KMnO4预氧化后采用PAC混凝优于单加PAC的除藻效果.     

乙醇对硫酸盐还原-甲烷发酵效率影响的研究

针对硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）、产酸菌（AB）和产甲烷菌（MPB）的生态位特征,采用两级厌氧与循环气提吹脱工艺,以蔗糖和乙醇为有机底物（COD为6　000 mg·L^-1）,在不同COD/SO^2-₄时分别研究了底物中乙醇浓度对硫酸盐还原、有机物去除和甲烷发酵效率的影响,以及系统的硫化物吹脱效果和最佳回流率.结果表明,乙醇的添加可以促进SO^2-₄还原,并使COD/SO^2-₄降低产生的竞争性抑制作用减弱,SRB、AB和MPB菌群处于良好的协同代谢状态.乙醇/SO^2-₄从0提升至2后系统的处理效率明显改善,COD/SO^2-₄为12、 6和4时的SO^2-₄还原率分别由7.7%、 8.1%、 14.1%提高为84.7%、 87.6%、 82.5%,COD去除率由83.3%、 76.5%、 69.6%提高为92.8%、 93.5%、 89.7%,CH₄/COD由225.7、 204.6、 178.6 mL·g^-1提高至278.5、 253.7、 236.1 mL·g^-1.系统经10倍回流水稀释及气提吹脱30%～55%的硫化物后,硫化物浓度分别低于27.8、 38.4、 52.4 mg·L^-1,有效地抑制了H₂S的毒性作用.但回流率偏大（20倍）使底物浓度梯度过低,SO^2-₄还原率下降;回流率偏低（5倍）使污泥床无法充分膨胀,COD去除率降低.