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81.
Vladimir Novotny 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(6):1057-1065
ABSTRACT: Delivery of sediment and particulate pollutants from diffuse sources is shown to be related to the loss of sediment carrying energy of runoff during the overland flow phase. The loss is caused by the termination of rainfall and by reduction of flow energy during the recession phase of the overland flow hydrograph. It has been demonstrated both by theoretical analyses and experimental measurements that the saturated sediment concentration in overland flow is a function of rainfall erosivity and the runoff flow rate. The hypotheses were verified by field measurements from a small homogeneous watershed. 相似文献
82.
Vladimir Kucera Johan Tidblad Katerina Kreislova Dagmar Knotkova Markus Faller Daniel Reiss Rolf Snethlage Tim Yates Jan Henriksen Manfred Schreiner Michael Melcher Martin Ferm Roger-Alexandre Lefèvre Joanna Kobus 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(1-3):249-258
A “multi-pollutant exposure programme” reflecting the new pollution situation where SO2 is no longer the dominating pollutant has been performed by the International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials,
including Historic and Cultural Monuments (ICP Materials) within the activities of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary
Air Pollution. The main results obtained in the period 1997–2003 are summarised. Dose-response functions are presented for
carbon steel, zinc, copper, bronze and limestone. Parameters involved in the functions include besides SO2 and pH, which were included in the previously developed functions from ICP Materials, also the effect of particulate matter
and HNO3. 相似文献
83.
Modelling of long-term behaviour of caesium and strontium radionuclides in the Arctic environment and human exposure 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Golikov V Logacheva I Bruk G Shutov V Balonov M Strand P Borghuis S Howard B Wright S 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2004,74(1-3):159-169
In this paper a compartment model of the highly vulnerable Arctic terrestrial food chain "lichen-reindeer-man" is outlined. Based upon an analysis of measured (137)Cs and (90)Sr contents in lichen and reindeer meat from 1961 up to 2001, site specific model parameters for two regions in north-western Arctic Russia and for Kautokeino municipality in Arctic Norway have been determined. The dynamics of radionuclide activity concentrations in the "lichen-reindeer-man" food chain for all areas was satisfactorily described by a double exponential function with short-term and long-term effective ecological half-lives between 1-2 and 10-12 years, respectively, for both (137)Cs and (90)Sr. Using parameter values derived from the model, life-time internal effective doses due to consumption of reindeer meat by reindeer-breeders after an assumed single pulse deposit of 1 kBq m(-2) of (137)Cs were estimated to be 11.4 mSv (Kola Peninsula), 5 mSv (Nenets Autonomous Area), and 2 mSv (Kautokeino, Norway). Differences in vulnerability to radiocaesium deposition were due to differences in transfer between lichen and reindeer and in diet between the three regions. 相似文献
84.
Ranking of individual mountain birch trees in terms of leaf chemistry:
seasonal and annual variation
Marianna?RiipiEmail author Erkki?Haukioja Ky?sti?Lempa Vladimir?Ossipov Svetlana?Ossipova Kalevi?Pihlaja 《Chemoecology》2004,14(1):31-43
Summary. The quality of tree leaves as food for herbivores changes rapidly especially
during the spring and early summer. However, whether the quality of an individual
tree in relation to other trees in the population changes during the growing season
and between years is less clear. We studied the seasonal and annual stability of
chemical and physical traits affecting leaf quality for herbivores. Rankings of trees
in terms of the contents of two major groups of phenolics in their leaves, hydrolyzable
tannins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), were very stable from the early
spring to the end of the growing season. There were also strong positive within-season
correlations in the levels of some other groups of phenolics in the leaves (kaempferol
glycosides, myricetin glycosides and p-coumaroylquinic
acid derivatives). The contents of individual sugars and the sum content of protein-bound amino
acids showed patterns of seasonal consistency in mature leaves, but not in young developing leaves.
The seasonal correlations in leaf water content and toughness were also strongest in mature leaves.
The correlations between two years at corresponding times of the growing season were strongly
positive for the major groups of phenolics throughout the season, but were more variable
for the contents of proteins and some sugars. Leaf toughness and water content showed strong
positive correlations in mature leaves. Despite the consistency of tree ranking in terms
of leaf phenolics, the relative resistance status of trees may, however, change during
a growing season because there was a negative correlation between the content of hydrolyzable
tannins (early-season resistance compounds) in leaves early in the season and the content of
proanthocyanidins (late-season resistance compounds) late in the season, and vice versa.
Thus, assuming that phenolics affect herbivore preference and performance, different
plants may suffer damage at different times of the growing season, and the overall
variation between trees in the fitness consequences may be low. In addition, the
adaptation of herbivorous insects to mountain birch foliage in general, as well as
to specific tree individuals, may be constrained by variation in the relative resistance
status of the trees. 相似文献
85.
Summary. The nutritive value of tree foliage for herbivores
decreases rapidly with leaf maturation, due in particular to the decline
in leaf nitrogen content. Since the amino acid content of plants differs
from the need of herbivores for individual amino acids, we examined
developmental changes in the contents of amino acids throughout the
growth season of mountain birch. The contents of free and protein-bound
amino acids, as well as essential and nonessential ones, displayed
different patterns with leaf maturation, suggesting that total nitrogen
or protein levels are poor predictors of the nutritive status of leaves.
The contents of protein-bound amino acids were 100 times higher than
those of free amino acids, indicating that the role of free amino acids
in nutrition of herbivores is probably less important than that of
protein-bound amino acids. Among protein-bound amino acids, both the
absolute and the relative contents of two nitrogen-rich essential amino
acids, lysine and arginine, decreased during early leaf growth,
presumably reducing nitrogen availability in developing leaves.
Essential amino acids were mainly positively related to each other,
suggesting the co-ordinated regulation of their synthesis. Changes in
correlations among individual free amino acids reflected developmental
changes in allocation preferences between biosynthesis pathways with
leaf growth.
Received 31 January 2003; accepted 17 March 2003.
R1D="
Correspondence to: Teija Ruuhola, e-mail: teiruu@utu.fi 相似文献
86.
Bogovski Sergei Muzyka Vladimir Sergeyev Boris Karlova Svetlana 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(1):15-18
In order to study effects of environmental contamination, a suite of biomarkers were measured over the period 1996 to 1999 in livers of flounder (Platichthys flesus) from two urban embayments and one non-urban reference site of the Gulf of Finland in the vicinity of Tallinn, Estonia. Total cytochrorne P450 (CYP) level, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), 5-amino-levulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S), and heme synthetase (HEM-S) activities were quantified by means of spectrophotometry. These data were compared to results obtained in 1994 for the same biomarkers at one of the urban embayments and the non-urban site, as measured by the same protocols. For the flounder collected from the non-urban site, changes occurred in AHH activity and the total CYP level, which were significantly lower in 1996 and 1999 compared with 1994 (p< 0.05). Activity of ALA-S de-creased slightly over this same period. The activity of HEM-S increased between 1996 and 1999. In the urban site first investigated in 1994, the activities of AHH and ALA-S, as well as the total level of CYP in flounder liver were significantly higher compared with 1999 (p< 0.05). HEM-S activities did not show any significant changes over this time period. AHH activities of flounder collected in another urban site decreased slightly between 1996 and 1999, in contrast to data on the total CYP level which diminished drastically over these years (p< 0.05). Activities of HEM-S increased significantly (p< 0.05) during the period investigated, while activities of ALA-S remained unchanged. These findings suggest that contamination of the marine environments by PAHs has gone down everywhere in the Tallinn area during the last 3 to 5 years. However, the results indicate that the area is still contaminated, as indicated by elevated heme synthesis enzymes and the total CYP content, and that monitoring of contaminants and their effects should be continued in this region. 相似文献
87.
Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
John S. Rieuwerts Margaret Farago Vladimir Bencko 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,59(1):1-13
The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g>
-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees. 相似文献
88.
Innovative vent sizing technology is presented for explosion safety design of equipment at atmospheric and elevated initial pressures. Unified correlations for vent sizing are suggested. They are modifications of previously reported correlations verified thoroughly for experimental data on vented gaseous deflagrations under different conditions but only at initial atmospheric pressure. Suggested correlations are based on experimental data on vented deflagrations of quiescent and turbulent propane–air mixtures at initial pressures up to 0.7 MPa. Typical values of turbulence factor and deflagration–outflow interaction number are obtained for experimental vented deflagrations at initial pressures higher than atmospheric.
“Blind” examination of new vent sizing technology on another set of experiments with methane–air and propane–air mixtures has shown that predictions by suggested vent sizing technology are better than by the NFPA 68 guide for “Venting of Deflagrations”.
In the development of recently reported results for initial atmospheric pressure it has been concluded that the innovative vent sizing technology is more reliable compared to the NFPA 68 guide at elevated initial pressures as well. Moreover it is crucial that the calculation procedure remains the same for arbitrary deflagration conditions. 相似文献
89.
Biosynthetic origin of carbon-based secondary compounds: cause of variable responses of woody plants to fertilization? 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Erkki Haukioja Vladimir Ossipov Julia Koricheva Tuija Honkanen Stig Larsson Kyösti Lempa 《Chemoecology》1998,8(3):133-139
Summary. We propose that variation in the responses of carbon-based secondary compounds to fertilization in woody plants has a biosynthetic
cause. The synthesis of phenylpropanoids and derived compounds (e.g., condensed tannins) competes directly with the synthesis of proteins, and therefore with plant growth, because of a common
precursor, phenylalanine. In contrast, the biosynthesis of terpenoids and of hydrolyzable tannins proceeds presumably without
direct competition with protein synthesis. Therefore, accelerated plant growth induced by fertilization may cause a reduction
in concentrations of phenylpropanoids but may affect less or not at all the levels of other classes of secondary compounds.
A meta-analysis based on fertilization experiments with 35 woody plant species supported the predicted differences fertilizing
significantly decreased concentrations of phenylpropanoids but not of terpenoids or hydrolyzable tannins.
Received 14 May 1998; accepted 23 June 1998. 相似文献
90.
Genotoxic potential of two environmental compartments (water and sediment) from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB), Poland were evaluated and compared by employing root meristem cells of Allium cepa. The clear genotoxic effect of water and sediment sampled was shown, with an important contribution of severe types of cytogenetic abnormalities. The most biologically relevant pollutants were revealed through multivariate statistical analysis of relationships between biological effects registered and the environment contamination. Overall, results of simultaneous use of conventional monitoring methods and biological tests suggested that contemporary levels of persistent pollutants in post-mining areas of the USCB may enhance the risk both for human health and biological components of natural ecosystems. 相似文献