基于资源环境承载力的海岛生态系统适应性管理——以温州市洞头区为例

海岛资源环境承载力评估能够识别生态系统的胁迫因子,明确海岛资源保护与开发的阈值界限,对于管控海岛及其邻近海域生态系统的生态环境具有重要意义。本文选择用海矛盾日益突出的海岛县洞头作为研究区,基于承载力的PSR概念模型,运用GIS空间分析、多指标评价等技术方法,从人-海复合生态系统的角度构建了海岛资源环境承载力的综合评价体系,对区域海岛生态系统的恢复力、资源环境容纳能力和抗干扰能力进行了量化,获得了洞头区压力、承压和响应调节系统的空间分异格局,据此探讨了洞头区在海陆边界、自然条件、社会经济发展等方面的不确定性,进而提出了海岛生态适应性管理的策略和措施。结果表明,洞头区资源环境承载力综合评价指数介于0.5~1.7之间,总体承载状况较好,现阶段仅有12%的海域处于超载状态,未来需从缓解人类社会经济活动压力、保持资源环境承压能力和提高系统反馈调节能力三个方面出发,开展适应性管控。     

内嵌POT损失分布拟合模型的风暴潮灾害风险价值测算

近年来,全球气候的异常变化导致风暴潮灾害频发,给我国造成了巨大灾害性损失。科学测算风暴潮灾害的风险价值,对于度量风暴潮灾害风险、估计风暴潮灾害损失、指导灾害风险有效分散具有重要意义。针对中国风暴潮灾害损失数据鲜明的频率低、厚尾性特征,本文引入极值理论的POT模型完成风暴潮灾害直接经济损失分布拟合,测算出不同置信水平下的风险价值,并通过了Kupiec失败频率检验。研究表明,运用POT模型测算不同置信水平下的风险价值可以作为今后中国风暴潮灾害风险科学度量以及单次灾害最大可能损失合理估计的基础。     

降水稳定同位素比率时间变化的iAWBM模拟

进行降水中稳定同位素比率时间变化的i AWBM模拟和比较,有助于评估模式在不同区域的适用性,改善对水循环过程中水稳定同位素变化规律的认识.本文利用i AWBM的模拟数据,分析了GNIP代表站降水中δ18O的时间变化特征、降水中δ18O与温度和降水量之间的关系、区域大气水线,并将模拟结果与实测结果进行了比较.结果表明,9个GNIP代表站的降水同位素在不同季节的变化特点均能被模拟出;各代表站模拟与实测的降水同位素长时间序列之间的相关系数达到显著的信度(p0.001),均方根误差在一个合理的估计范围;i AWBM很好地再现了出现在维也纳、雅库茨克和渥太华站的显著温度效应,出现在香港、波哥大、昆明、哈拉雷和拉罗汤加岛站的降水量效应,以及出现在曼谷站的温度效应和降水量效应共存的特点;模拟的不同气候条件下的区域大气水线与实际大气水线相近.说明i AWBM具有模拟不同气候区降水中稳定同位素时间变化的能力.     

蚯蚓对城市污泥蚯蚓堆肥过程中微生物特征变化的影响

为揭示蚯蚓对城市污泥中微生物特征的影响和作用,本研究采用赤子爱胜蚓处理城市污泥,以无蚯蚓处理为对照,探讨蚯蚓对污泥堆肥中微生物数量、活性和种群变化的影响.结果显示:蚯蚓在前期能够显著提升脱氢酶的活性和细菌16S r DNA的丰度;从而加速有机物的降解,促进后期堆肥产物的腐殖质化.高通量测序结果表明:从60 d开始,蚯蚓组和对照组的细菌种群结构出现明显差异,蚯蚓处理能够显著增加最终产物的细菌种群的Chao1和Shannon指数.最终产物中,对照组的优势菌群为变形菌门(56%)、拟杆菌门(16.3%)和厚壁菌门(15.4%);蚯蚓组的优势种群有变形菌门(31.3%)、拟杆菌门(27.1%)、放线菌门(21.1%).与对照组相比,蚯蚓粪中放线菌和根瘤菌的丰度分别提高了13.1%和2.5%,表明蚯蚓的作用提升了堆肥产物作为微生物肥料的潜力.     

复合有机污染物在含水层介质表面的吸附性能

为明确氯代烃芳香烃类复合污染物在含水层介质上的吸附特性,选取甲苯、苯、1,2-二氯丙烷,1,2,3-三氯丙烷（TCP）作为典型污染物开展吸附试验,结果表明吸附过程符合Henry线性模型,分配系数K_p值分别为0.38,0.41,0.73,1.00kg/L,污染物在细砂上的吸附强度顺序为甲苯>苯> 1,2-二氯丙烷> TCP;竞争吸附试验结果表明,苯可以明显促进甲苯在细砂介质上的吸附,而甲苯抑制了苯的吸附;1,2-二氯丙烷抑制TCP在细砂介质上的吸附,而TCP对1,2-二氯丙烷的吸附影响并不明显.TCP在含水层介质上的吸附量随甲苯浓度增加而增大;当甲苯初始浓度<2mg/L时,TCP对于甲苯在含水层介质上的吸附起促进作用,当甲苯的初始浓度³2mg/L时,TCP对于其在含水层介质上的吸附起抑制作用.     

Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights.Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution p H value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

Effects of chlortetracycline, Cu and their combination on the performance and microbial community dynamics in swine manure anaerobic digestion

Swine manure was typical for the combined pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics. The effects of widely used veterinary antibiotic chlortetracycline(CTC), Cu and their combination on swine manure anaerobic digestion performance and microbial community have never been investigated. Thus, four 2 L anaerobic digestion reactors were established including reactor A(control), B(CTC spiked by 0.5 g/kg dry weight, dw), C(Cu spiked by 5 g/kg dw) and D(combination of CTC, 0.5 g/kg dw, and Cu, 5 g/kg dw), and dynamics of bacterial and archaeal community structure was investigated using high throughput sequencing method. Results showed that addition of CTC and Cu separately could increase the total biogas production by21.6% and 15.8%, respectively, while combination of CTC and Cu severely inhibited anaerobic digestion(by 30.3%). Furthermore, corresponding to different stages and reactors, four kinds of microbes including bacteria and archaea were described in detail, and the effects of CTC, Cu and their combination mainly occurred at hydrolysis and acidification phases. The addition of Cu alone changed the dynamics of archaeal community significantly. It was genus Methanomassiliicoccus that dominated at the active methane production for A, B and D, while it was genus Methanobrevibacter and Methanoculleus for C.     

Baosteel emission control significantly benefited air quality in Shanghai

As the largest iron and steel producer in China, a part of Baosteel moved out of Shanghai deserves close attention due to its environmental impact. To understand the effect of Baosteel emission control on air quality in Shanghai, daily PM_(10), PM_(2.5), SO_2, NO_2 and CO were measured from 2010 to 2016. Concentrations of pollutants in Baoshan District presented a decreased trend during 2010–2016, with a reduction rate of 28.6% for PM_(10), 67.3% for SO_2, 8.6% for NO_2 and 42.0% for CO. However, fine particle pollution in Baoshan District during 2012–2016 seems to become more prominent, with PM_(2.5) concentration of 47 ± 28,45 ± 33, 38 ± 24, 54 ± 41 and 51 ± 34 μg/m3, respectively, indicating a slight increase of 8.5%in PM_(2.5). Concentrations of PM_(10) and CO decreased by 12.5% and 33.8% in the second half year in 2016(compared with that in 2015) probably due to closure of blast furnace of Baosteel. Baosteel was identified as the largest pollution source in Baoshan District.Emission from Baosteel accounted for 58.0% of SO_2, 43.6% of NO_2 and 79.3% of dust in total emission from Baoshan District during 2010–2015. Meanwhile, pollutant emission and coal consumption from Baosteel decreased by 52.0% for SO_2, 40.1% for NO_2, 15.7% for dust and22% for coal consumption. Energy consumption in Baoshan District reduced by 31% from2011 to 2015. Air quality improvement in Shanghai was attributed to local emission reduction, together with regional air quality improvement.     

1种钝化剂对3种水稻生长影响及降镉效果的研究

为了考察钝化剂对不同程度污染土壤及不同水稻品种的适应性,采用盆栽试验研究了2种程度镉污染农田土壤(轻度污染土壤和重度污染土壤)中钝化剂的修复效果以及3个品种水稻对镉的吸收。结果表明:添加钝化剂后,2种污染程度土壤的pH值在不同时期均显著提高(轻度污染土壤pH值提高了0. 18～0. 73,重度污染土壤pH值提高了0. 42～0. 71),土壤中pH值与土壤有效态Cd呈负相关性(轻度污染土壤的pH值与土壤有效态Cd相关系数为0. 77;重度污染土壤的pH值与土壤有效态Cd的相关系数为0. 91)。2种程度镉污染土壤分蘖期和成熟期的有效态Cd在施加钝化剂后明显降低(轻度污染土壤有效态Cd在分蘖期的最大降幅为30. 69%,在成熟期的最大降幅为25. 69%;重度污染土壤有效态Cd在分蘖期的最大降幅为6%,在成熟期的最大降幅为7. 5%)。糙米总Cd在施加钝化剂后也明显降低(轻度污染土壤的糙米总Cd降低幅度为59. 46%～66. 67%,重度污染土壤的糙米总Cd降低幅度为18. 71%～57. 60%)。施加钝化剂对水稻株高、叶绿素、有效穗、生物量及产量无显著性差异。此外,3个水稻品种的糙米Cd富集系数有一定的差异,2种污染程度土壤中水稻生长有差异。因此,钝化剂对3种水稻品种均具有降镉效果,且对3种水稻生长无负面影响。钝化剂对水稻生长轻度镉污染土壤的修复效果优于重度污染土壤的修复效果,施用钝化剂能使轻度污染土壤中糙米总Cd达标,不能使重度污染土壤中糙米总Cd达标;轻度污染土壤中水稻生长效果明显优于重度污染土壤中水稻生长。     

黑龙江省垃圾填埋场地下水污染调查评价研究

为了解黑龙江地区垃圾填埋场地下水污染状况,更好的进行预防和治理,文章以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市黎明垃圾填埋场为例,在实地考察与采样检测的基础上,采用污染指数法对污染情况做出了评价,得出以下结论:黎明垃圾填埋场各监测井均有不同程度的污染.对监测井LMA和LMD点进行特征因子检测,两点均有钡、碘化物和甲苯检出,LMA综合评价为轻污染,LMD综合评价为中污染;以1986年该地区G32监测井的水质情况为背景对各点位无机物进行地下水污染评价,LMB为中污染,其他点位为极重污染,主要的影响指标为高猛酸盐指数、总硬度和氨氮.