中国大气挥发性有机物控制现状及对策研究

大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)不仅本身具有较强毒性,而且是影响中国区域复合大气污染的重要前体物和参与物。近年来,中国不断加大对VOCs的管控力度,从制定政策体系、建立监测标准等角度采取了一系列的措施。但总体来看,中国大气VOCs控制仍存在许多问题。突出地体现在:基础数据匮乏,排放状况不清;法律法规滞后,污染防治与监管体系不健全;排放标准和监测规范不完善,控制技术亟需革新。基于此,本文从完善法律法规、健全制度体系和加强标准控制等方面提出了加强VOCs管控的思路和对策建议。     

Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing

Size segragated samples were collected during high polluted winter haze days in 2006 in Beijing, China. Twenty nine elements and 9 water soluble ions were determined. Heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, As, Cr, Ni, V and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effect on human being. Among these heavy metals, the levels of Mn, As and Cd exceeded the reference values of National Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB3095-2012） and guidelines of World Health Organization. By estimation, high percentage of atmospheric heavy metals in PM2.5 indicates it is an effective way to control atmospheric heavy metals by PM2.5 controlling. Pb, Cd, and Zn show mostly in accumulation mode, V, Mn and Cu exist mostly in both coarse and accumulation modes, and Ni and Cr exist in all of the three modes. Considering the health effect, the breakthrough rates of atmospheric heavy metals into pulmonary alveoli are： Pb （62.1%） 〉 As （58.1%） 〉 Cd （57.9%） 〉 Zn （57.7%） 〉 Cu （55.8%） 〉 Ni （53.5%） 〉 Cr （52.2%） 〉 Mn （49.2%） 〉 V （43.5%）. Positive matrix factorization method was applied for source apportionment of studied heavy metals combined with some marker elements and ions such as K, As, SO42- etc., and four factors （dust, vehicle, aged and transportation, unknown） are identified and the size distribution contribution of them to atmospheric heavy metals are discussed.     

Pedological characteristics of Mn mine tailings and metal accumulation by native plants

In southern China revegetation and ecological restoration of many abandoned Mn tailings has become a major concern. To determine the major constraints for plant establishment and evaluate the feasibility of remediation, a comparative study was conducted on Mn tailings and rhizosphere soils at the boundary of the tailings pond. Both tailings and rhizosphere soils had neutral to slightly alkaline pH and normal electrical conductivity. They were both enriched with organic matter (6.8-9.2%), total N (1.77-5.94 g kg(-1)), available P (41.78-73.83 mg kg(-1)) and K (146.7-906.9 mg kg(-1)), suggesting the tailings were a nutrient rich substrate for revegetation. Mn tailings were clay textured, while rhizosphere soils were silty loam or clay loam. The compaction and anoxic nature of Mn tailings were considered to be the major constraints for plant establishment. Total Mn (31903 mg kg(-1)), Cd (119 mg kg(-1)), Cu (126 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (2490 mg kg(-1)) in tailings were all at phytotoxic levels, but did not differ significantly from those in rhizosphere soils. In both tailings and rhizosphere soils, percentages of water- and DTPA-extractable metals were less than 1% and 2% of the total metal pools, respectively. Sequential extraction revealed that the majority of Mn, Cu and Zn were associated with the residual fraction, while the majority of Cd occurred as Fe-Mn oxides. The natural succession of plants around Mn tailings formed a distinctive metal-tolerant plant community, mainly comprising nine species such as Cynodon dactylon and Humulus scandens and so on. All species studied could be good candidates for revegetation of Mn tailings.     

通江湖泊的渔业意义及其资源管理对策

长江中、下游的江湖复合生态系统包含有河流和湖泊两个环境单元。其中的鱼类群落由河海洄游鱼类、江湖洄游鱼类、河流鱼类和定居性鱼类等４个生态类群组成,尤以江湖洄游鱼类对这一特殊的生态环境形成了良好的适应,因而种群数量繁盛,从渔业的角度看,水利工程造成的江湖阻隔削弱了通江湖泊的生态功能,成为导致鱼类资源下降和种类结构改变的主要原因之一。当前应从控制捕捞、人工增殖和恢复生态环境结构等方面着手进行资源管理,确     

The application of bioflocculant for the removal of humic acids from stabilized landfill leachates

The evaluation of bioflocculant, in comparison with traditional inorganic coagulants, for the removal of humic acids from landfill leachates stabilized by biological treatment, was performed using conventional jar-test coagulation experiments. The optimized conditions (pH and coagulant dosage) were identified for the treatment of synthetic solutions as well as for biologically pre-treated landfill leachates. It was found that the application of bioflocculant was quite efficient in the removal of humic acids from synthetic solutions as well as in the reduction of COD content from real landfill leachates. The optimal pH value was found to be between 7 and 7.5, while a 20 mg/l bioflocculant dosage was sufficient in providing more than 85% humic acid removal. The results were comparable with those obtained by the application of conventional coagulants such as alum or polyaluminum chloride; therefore, bioflocculant can be considered as a viable alternative in the treatment of landfill leachates applying coagulation.     

东川市土地退化（荒漠化）及其防治

分析了东川市土地退化现状：土地退化以水蚀为主,退化土地面积占总土地面积38．5％。土地退化类型主要有土壤退化、土地沙石化、土地石质化和侵蚀劣地。文章还探讨了东川市土地退化的原因,提出了土地退化防治对策。     

铅职业危害及其防治

通过对某铅冶炼厂职业铅危害情况及防治现状进行调查分析,提出了防治铅中毒、铅吸收的措施。     

机械处理废弃印刷线路板

分析了废弃印刷线路板的特点，介绍了机械处理的方法，及国外机械处理废弃印刷线路板的实践和进展。     

露天煤矿的土地复垦

本文论术字露天煤矿土地复垦的现状，着重了矿区土地地复垦规划，提出了一个土地复垦规划的模型，并且对复垦方向的选择和复垦控制进行了初步的探讨。     

美国环境空气监测数据质量核查工作的经验与启示

国控网城市环境空气自动监测点位的监测事权上收后,对监测数据精密度和准确度的定量化评价已成为考核运维公司工作成果、评估国控网数据质量、编制数据质量报告的迫切需求。为加强中国环境空气数据质量核查体系的建设,总结了美国环境空气监测数据质量核查体系及其相关的技术规范,简要介绍其包含的各类核查项目和主要特点,提出了建设中国环境空气数据质量核查体系的建议。