广西岩溶洞穴土壤中多环芳烃污染特征与解析

首次研究相对封闭稳定环境条件下的岩溶洞穴土壤中PAHs的污染特征及其影响因素.以广西桂林大岩洞穴为例,结果表明,在洞穴内部PAHs总量为7.22～117.29 ng·g^-1,远低于洞外土壤中的含量（51.35～235.73 ng·g^-1）,与其他地区相比,表明桂林近郊土壤PAHs污染较轻.大岩土壤中PAHs总量呈现出洞外和洞口附近明显高于洞内而洞内变化不大;洞外和洞口附近土壤中重环组芳烃含量高于轻环组（平均值69.25 ng·g^-1＞38.81 ng·g^-1）,但在洞内土壤中则相反（平均值3.93 ng·g^-1＜7.41 ng·g^-1）,说明洞内PAHs不仅来自于大气迁移过程,而且也来自于洞顶雨水淋滤作用.土壤中PAHs浓度分布表明在洞口附近存在陷阱效应、在洞穴最里端有裂隙存在.陷阱效应使洞口附近重环芳烃浓度显著高于洞外（88.19 ng·g^-1＞31.28 ng·g^-1）,而且PAH分子量与”易陷落性”呈线性相关（R²=0.49）;通过实测值推测从洞口输入的PAHs浓度约为裂隙输入的17倍.温度和分子量差异是影响PAHs在土壤中浓度分布模式的重要因素.     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO2-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO2-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO2-NPs su ered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO2-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO2-NPs released into the aqueous environment.     

Cadmium uptake and speciation changes in the rhizosphere of cadmium accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties

Characteristics of cadmium (Cd) uptake kinetics and distribution of Cd speciation in the rhizosphere for Cd accumulator and non-accumulator oilseed rape varieties were investigated under nutrient solution and rhizobox soil culture conditions. The results showed that the maximal influx (V_max) for Cd²⁺ andK_m were significantly different for the two oilseed rape varieties. The value of V_max for Cd accumulator oilseed rape Zhucang Huazi was two-fold greater than that for oilseed rape Chuan you II-93. The exchangeable Cd concentration in the rhizosphere was significantly lower than in non-rhizospheric soils supplemented with CdSO₄ for both the varieties. Carbonate-bound Cd in the rhizosphere of Cd accumulator oilseed rape was significantly higher than that in the rhizosphere of non-accumulator oilseed rape and non-rhizospheric soil. Cd accumulator oilseed rape had a higher Cd²⁺ affinity and more ability to uptake insoluble Cd in the soil than the non-accumulator oilseed rape.     

闽江干流沿岸土壤及河口沉积柱中有机氯农药分布特征

沿闽江干流沿岸采集19个表层土壤样品及1个河口沉积物柱样,采用气相色谱(GC-ECD)内标法分析其有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,揭示了研究区土壤及河口沉积柱中有机氯农药的残留水平、分布及来源.结果表明,干流沿岸土壤中总的OCPs含量(干重)范围为4.31～877.80 ng·g-1,平均值为74.13 ng·g-1,且...     

道路绿化带对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响研究

研究了道路绿化带对街道峡谷内流场与机动车尾气扩散的影响特征.假设绿化带树冠为均匀多孔介质,采用压力损失系数表征树冠对空气流动的阻碍作用,建立可用于数值模拟的绿化带多孔介质物理模型.采用稳态k-ε湍流模型结合组分输运方程模拟道路中央有绿化带街道峡谷内的尾气扩散过程,模拟结果与风洞试验数据对比吻合较好.分析发现,有绿化带街道峡谷内存在一个围绕树冠的顺时针旋涡,旋涡中心略偏向右上方,背风面污染物浓度显著增大,较无绿化带的污染物平均浓度增长46.0%.进一步模拟了不同绿化带树冠高度情况下街道峡谷内流场与浓度场,发现随着树冠位置的上升,峡谷内流场旋涡中心逐步上移且偏向迎风建筑物,峡谷内整体气流速度下降,污染物浓度逐步升高,树冠底部高度为8 m时其污染物浓度可达4 m时的2倍多;尤其是当树冠顶部超过屋顶高度时,峡谷内污染物总体浓度增长迅速.     

钡盐厂周边土壤中钡及各形态钡的分布规律

贵州省天柱县某钡盐厂污染排放导致周边土壤遭受污染,为此对钡盐厂周边污染土壤进行采样分析。分析结果表明,钡盐厂周边土壤存在严重的钡富集,钡盐厂周边2km范围内土壤钡的浓度范围为760.4～3196mg.kg-1;污染区土壤表层钡的分布受污染源的距离关系及所在风向的控制,各形态钡占总钡平均比例大小关系为残渣态>Fe/Mn结合态>有机结合态>弱酸结合态;土壤剖面钡的分布规律为表层土壤中的总钡及各形态钡的含量远高于下层,总体呈垂直递减规律;钡及形态钡在土壤中的迁移转化规律受土壤pH、电导率、有机质、总氮以及碱解氮等诸多因素的影响。     

太湖冬季军团菌（Legionella spp．）的分布和多样性

军团菌（Legionellas pp．）广泛存在于各种水体中,对人类的健康造成了一定的安全隐患．为了解太湖在冬季是否存在军团菌,以及它的分布和多样性,本研究于2010年2月,在全太湖32个点位采样,使用巢式PCR对样品中军团菌进行检测,并用变性梯度凝胶电泳（denaturing gradient gel eletrop...     

降雨径流连续模拟参数全局灵敏性分析

长期连续模拟是客观评价城市排水系统性能、雨洪控制措施效果的重要方法之一.运用普适似然度法(Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation,简称GLUE),综合分析了暴雨管理模型(Storm Water Management Model,简称SWMM)在不同间隔降雨情景下的水量...     

压载舱阴极保护系统性能仿真及优化

针对压载舱结构复杂、电流屏蔽现象严重导致牺牲阳极数量和位置精确设计困难,以及目前基于经验法设计的牺牲阳极保护系统常导致局部欠保护或过保护的问题,开展了基于边界元法的压载舱保护电位仿真和优化研究.研究结果表明,建立的压载舱牺牲阳极保护边界元模型可准确模拟压栽舱保护电位分布,优化后的牺牲阳极保护系统保护电位分布更均匀,船舶...     

船舶腐蚀相关电磁场特征仿真研究

随着电磁探测技术的提高和电磁引信水雷的开发应用,腐蚀相关电磁场成为影响船舶隐身性能和安全性的重要因素.针对目前没有系统的关于船体无保护、外加电流保护和牺牲阳极保护导致的稳态电场和腐蚀相关磁场特征研究的现状,采用数值仿真技术模拟了上述3种条件下的稳态电场和腐蚀相关磁场特征.研究结果表明,不同保护状态导致的腐蚀相关电磁场具...