Preparation of biochar catalyst with saccharide and lignocellulose residues of corncob degradation for corncob hydrolysis into furfural

This paper presented a novel process for production of furfural by hydrothermal degradation of corncob over biochar catalyst, in which it was prepared with the recycling degradation solution and lignocellulosic solid residues. The biochar catalyst was papered by lignocellulose residues and concentrated saccharide solution, and then impregnated in 0.5 mol/L sulphuric acid at room temperature for 24 h assisted by the ultrasonic vibration. In the system of recycling, 8.8 % lignocellulose residues and 100 % concentrated saccharide solution from corncob hydrolysis have been recycled. Hydrolysis of corncob was carried out at 180 °C for duration of 170 min over the biochar catalyst. The experimental results have shown that the furfural yield of up to 37.75 % and overall corncob conversion rate of 62.00 % could be achieved under optimum operating conditions for the catalysts preparation and the corncob hydrolysis. It is believed that the acid density of 4.27 mmol/g of biochar catalyst makes the SO₃H groups cleave β-1,4 glycosidic linkages effectively and hydrolyze the cellulose and hemicellulose to water-soluble sugars, as well as to facilitate dehydration of xylose to give the product of furfural.     

As（V）在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附特性及机理

通过静态动力学和热力学吸附实验，研究了温度、共存离子以及溶质的初始浓度对As（V）在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附的影响，探讨了As（V）在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附特性及机理。结果表明，在As（V）初始浓度为10mg／L，pH为7的条件下，25℃时的吸附量0．41mg／g高于30℃时的吸附量0．31mg／g，As（V）在金红石TiO，上的吸附为放热过程。CaCl2和MgCl2的添加对As（V）在金红石TiO2表面吸附起到明显的促进作用。T=25℃，Ca2＋或Mg2＋浓度为10mmol／L时，As（V）吸附量分别为0．64和0．56mg／g，Ca2＋比Mg2＋对As（V）吸附促进作用强。As（V）在金红石TiO2的吸附等温线符合Frendlich方程，Lagergren二级动力学方程能较好地描述As（V）在金红石TiO2颗粒表面吸附的动力学过程。     

基于环境一号卫星的PM2.5浓度遥感反演研究

2014年12月29—30日,青岛市发生了一次空气污染过程,利用环境一号卫星CCD遥感影像数据和实测PM_(2.5)浓度数据,分析了该过程前后5 d的实测PM_(2.5)浓度与环境一号卫星CCD遥感影像的DN值之间的相关性,分别按日期和区域建立了反演模型。结果表明,按日期拟合反演模型相关系数为0.02~0.51,按区域拟合反演模型相关系数为0.01~0.80,总体来说,区域拟合结果较好。     

基于创新合作联系的城市网络格局分析——以长江经济带为例

现有城市地理研究主要基于重力模型、客货流网络和连锁模型等方法刻画城市网络。这些方法或是仅仅基于假设而可能与事实不符,或是数据难以获取,或是过于强调城市间的等级关系。通过引入合作专利数据,探索更加真实、平等的城市网络衡量方法。基于对长江经济带城市间创新联系的实证分析,发现目前城市间的创新联系以公司间(尤其是总部-分支机构间)合作为主;城市间创新联系存在非对称性和空间差异;实际创新联系与重力模型估算的创新联系存在正相关关系,但是相关系数不高;城市间创新联系的规模-位序符合Zipf定律,且存在两个无标度区;城市间创新联系受空间距离、行政级别、产业结构相似程度等影响,反映了距离衰减定律、行政区经济和产业链分工等规律对城市创新联系的解释力。     

基于正态云模型的区域生态安全评价

为了有效监测和评估区域生态安全状况,针对区域生态安全评价中出现的模糊性和随机性问题,构建了基于正态云模型和熵权法的区域生态安全综合评价模型。首先,结合PSR理论模型,从压力、状态、响应3个方面构建了区域生态安全评价指标体系。然后,利用熵权法确定各指标的权重,通过正态云模型进行评价,根据最大隶属度原则确定了区域生态安全等级;并利用GIS技术实现了区域生态安全评价计算结果的可视化表示。最后,以安徽省16个地级市2010—2015年的相关指标数据为研究对象进行了实证研究。结果表明,除了2013年处于III级水平,2010—2015年安徽省生态安全状况基本处于II级水平,表明安徽省生态安全评价结果为危险等级。     

航空器场内失事应急演练评估指标体系与评估方法研究

针对目前我国民用运输机场航空器场内失事应急救援综合演练缺乏有效评估体系的现状，通过对演练过程进行系统分析，构建航空器场内失事应急救援演练评估指标体系，涵盖消防、医疗、公安、媒体应对、运行指挥中心、地服、飞行区7个组织部门的2级指标。结合航空器场内失事救援的业务特点以及指标体系内在逻辑，设计相应的评估方法，对开展的航空器场内失事应急演练进行评估；最后，以国内2个机场的相关应急演练过程为典型示例，进行应用分析。研究结果表明:构建的演练评估指标体系及评估方法能较好地应用于实际应急演练过程，进而在演练评估结果和建议的基础上，实现应急演练的持续改进。     

改性硅胶对水溶液中Pd2+的吸附

采用氨基硫脲对硅胶进行改性并表征,探讨了改性硅胶(SG-TSC)对水溶液中Pd2+的吸附性能。实验考察了p H值、吸附剂质量、吸附时间以及Pd2+初始浓度等因素对吸附的影响,并探讨了SG-TSC对Pd2+吸附动力学及等温吸附特性。结果表明:在p H为3~6范围内,吸附效果最好。吸附平衡时间为90 min,吸附动力学符合二级速率方程,颗粒内扩散与液膜扩散共同影响着吸附过程。Langmuir等温吸附方程能较好地描述Pd2+在SG-TSC上的吸附特性,298 K时静态饱和吸附容量为0.105 mmol/g。热力学参数计算结果表明,SG-TSC吸附水溶液中的Pd2+是自发、吸热和熵值增加的过程。     

城郊关键带土壤中溶解性有机质的光谱特性及其时空变异

溶解性有机质(DOM)作为地球关键带中物质与能量循环的重要活性组分,其与关键带中诸多重要环境过程有着密切关系.本研究以宁波樟溪流域作为城郊关键带的典型代表区域,采集土壤样品,结合紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)进行特征表征,分析不同类型土壤中DOM的分布特征、影响因素和季节性变化规律.主要结果如下:林地DOC平均含量均大于耕地,其中林地秋季(15.4 mg·L~(-1))林地春季(12.5 mg·L~(-1));耕地秋季(11.9 mg·L~(-1))耕地春季(11.4 mg·L~(-1));DOM结构在紫外可见光谱下表现为耕地DOM芳香化程度(SUVA_(254))、疏水性组分(SUVA_(260))和分子量(S_R)较林地大,其中耕地秋季最为突出;三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)把土壤DOM分为5种组分,主要以富里酸类物质为主(C_1、C_3、C_5),也含有色氨酸、酪氨酸类蛋白质(C_4)和腐殖酸(C_2)等物质,其中耕地春季的腐殖化程度最大,耕地秋季比春季含有较多类蛋白质,林地较耕地含有更多的类蛋白质,林地春秋两季中DOM结构变化不大.     

Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water: The benefit of isotope dilution

• Isotope dilution method was developed for the determination of 27 PPCPs in water. • The established method was successfully applied to different types of water samples. • The correction effect of corresponding 27 ILSs over 70 d was investigated. • Benefit of isotopic dilution method was illustrated for three examples. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging and non-persistent contaminants. In this study, 27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE), and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards (ILSs) were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river, effluent and influent sewage. The corrected recoveries were 73%–122% with the relative standard deviation (RSD)<16%, except for acetaminophen. The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22% and the method quantitation limits (MQLs) were 0.45–8.6 ng/L. The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples. The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days, and the ILSs-corrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences. The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%–140% with the recovery variation<37% in all cases. The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.     

Use of historical and contemporary distribution of mammals in China to inform conservation

A systematic understanding of dynamic animal extinction trajectories for different regions in a nation like China is critically important to developing practical conservation strategies. We explored historical and contemporary changes in terrestrial mammalian diversity to determine how diversity in each of the 5 regions in China has changed over time and to examine the conservation potential of these regions. We used records from databases on Pleistocene mammalian fossils and historical distribution records (1175–2020) for Primates (as a case study) to reconstruct evolutionary and historical distribution trajectories of the 11 orders of terrestrial mammals and to predict their prospective survival based on the national conservation strategy applied. The results indicated that since the Pleistocene, 4–5 mammalian orders have been lost in the northeast, 3 in central China, 2 along the coast, and 1 in the northwest. In the southwest, all 11 orders were maintained. Contemporarily, the coast and southwest had the highest and second-highest species densities. The southwest region and southeastern sections of the northwest region were the most historically and contemporarily diverse areas, which suggests that they should be the first priority for protected area (PA) designation. The central and coastal areas should be secondarily prioritized. In these 2 regions, conservation should focus on human coexistence with nature. Less attention should be paid to the PA in the northeast and western northwest because in these areas ecosystems are depauperate and the climate is harsh. Conservation in these areas should focus principally on avoiding further human encroachment on natural areas. Article impact statement: Historical and contemporary patterns of extinction can be a basis for mammalian conservation strategies.