焦化废水除油工艺中混凝剂的选择

以焦化废水处理工艺中的实例证实了聚合氯化铝(PAC)加聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)组合的优良除油性能,并从理论上及实际应用中进行了分析,对PAC加PAM组合在焦化废水处理中应用的优缺点进行了比较。     

基因工程菌的发酵及偶氮染料脱色研究

考察了本实验室自行构建的基因工程菌pGEX-AZR／E.coli JM-109的培养条件（碳源、氮源及其量的选择,接种量、温度、pH值）;并考察其偶氮染料脱色能力范围。     

贵金属-稀土复合型催化剂的制备与性能研究

制备了净化车辆尾气的贵金属稀土复合型催化剂,对该催化剂进行了活性测试和结构表征.利用所制备的催化剂在摩托车上进行了性能研究.实验结果表明,采用催化剂后,可使车辆排放达到欧洲Ⅱ号标准,表明所研制的催化剂具有较好的应用价值.     

某冶化公司焦化厂老生化系统改造实践

利用原有的生化脱酚池改造为A＋O＋A生物法,进行生物脱氮,效果很好,处理后的出水全部循环使用,不外排.     

太湖地区3种水稻土不同温度培养中有机碳库变化及其对升温的响应

全球变暖下土壤有机碳储存的变化是土壤与全球变化研究的热点问题.本研究选择了3种太湖地区代表性水稻土的表层土壤,分别进行20℃和25℃的室内恒温培养,监测培养过程中总有机碳、溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳的变化动态,试图了解这些土壤的有机碳分解过程对全球变暖的响应特点.结果表明,这些土壤培养中总有机碳变化可以用一级衰变动力学方程或对数衰减方程描述,但动力学特征依培养温度的不同而异.升温大大促进了铁渗水耕人为土和潜育水耕人为土中有机碳的分解与呼吸损失,而铁聚水耕人为土没有显著变化.供试土壤总有机碳损失的Q₁₀系数分别为:潜育水耕人为土(11.1～14.1)＞铁渗水耕人为土(4.4～6.4)＞铁聚水耕人为土(0.63～0.73).这一方面说明温度敏感性在同一地带的不同土壤间的差异超过文献上报道的不同气候带的差异,但另一方面揭示了水稻土可能是一类对全球升温敏感响应的人为土.溶解性有机碳和微生物量的碳的变化还提示不同温度培养下水稻土微生物群落结构可能改变,因而影响到土壤有机碳库的生物有效性在温度条件下的变化.可以认为,土壤升温下有机碳的变化不但与土壤有机碳的性质有关,而且与土壤性质控制下的生物条件的改变有关.故土壤升温下有机碳的损失不仅仅是温度对分解过程的反应速度的影响.当然,对于不同土壤间的这种差异还需从有机碳-土壤环境-土壤生物的相互关系上做进一步的工作.     

花卉废物和牛粪联合堆肥中的氮迁移

以花卉废物和牛粪为原料,进行了温度反馈的通气量控制联合堆肥中的氮迁移中试研究.采用自制的静态好氧床进行一次发酵,过程控制采用温度反馈通气量控制方法,发酵周期20d;采用周期性翻堆进行物料二次腐熟,腐熟周期40d.研究了堆肥过程中总氮、有机氮、无机氮、氨氮、硝氮等氮素形态转化随时间的变化特征及温度反馈的通气量控制对氮迁移的影响.结果表明:堆肥初期的氨化作用和反硝化作用显著,氮素总量损失累计达41.98%,其中主要是有机氮的损失,99.95%的氮损失发生在一次发酵阶段;氮素损失主要是在pH和温度较高条件下的氨气大量挥发造成的.对通风进行有效控制、提高物料C/N及添加酸性物质有望减少N损失.对于C/N较低,硝态氮含量较高的物料堆肥,NH₄⁺-N≤0.04%、NH₄/NO₃≤0.16不能作为腐熟度指标.     

神经网络与模拟退火算法结合的锅炉低NOx燃烧优化

对某600MW燃煤电站锅炉进行了多工况热态NO_x排放特性测量,在利用多层前向神经网络对该锅炉的NO_x排放特性进行建模的基础上,将神经网络模型与模拟退火全局优化算法相结合,实现了锅炉的低NO_x燃烧的优化,计算得到可获得低NO_x排放浓度的具体燃烧配风方案.文中对2种不同退火参数的模拟退火算法进行了比较,结果说明采用T₀=50K,α=0.6的参数可以获得较好的寻优效果.本文研究结果为实现大型电站锅炉低NO_x燃烧控制的在线优化技术打下了基础.     

Single particle analysis of ambient aerosols in Shanghai during the World Exposition, 2010: two case studies

ATSI Model 3800 aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed for single-particle analysis in Shanghai during the World Exposition (EXPO), 2010. Measurements on two extreme cases: polluted day (1st May) and clean day (25th September) were compared to show how meteorological conditions affected the concentration and composition of ambient aerosols. Mass spectra of 90496 and 50407 particles were analyzed respectively during the two sampling periods. The ART-2a neural network algorithm was applied to sort the collected particles. Seven major classes of particles were obtained: dust, sea salt, industrial, biomass burning, organic carbon (OC), elementary carbon (EC), and NH₄-rich particles. Number concentration of ambient aerosols showed a strong anti-correlation with the boundary layer height variation. The external mixing states of aerosols were quite different during two sampling periods because of different air parcel trajectories. Number fraction of biomass burning particles (43.3%) during polluted episode was much higher than that (21.6%) of clean time. Air parcels from the East China Sea on clean day diluted local pollutant concentration and increased the portion of sea salt particle dramatically (13.3%). The large contribution of biomass burning particles in both cases might be an indication of a constant regional background of biomass burning emission. Mass spectrum analysis showed that chemical compositions and internal mixing states of almost all the particle types were more complicate during polluted episode compared with those observed in clean time. Strong nitrate signals in the mass spectra suggested that most of the particles collected on polluted day had gone through some aging processes before reaching the sampling site.     

Enhancing soil aggregation and acetamiprid adsorption by ecofriendly polysaccharides hydrogel based on Ca2+- amphiphilic sodium alginate

Soil aggregation plays an important role in agricultural production activities. However, the structure of soil aggregation is destroyed by the natural environment and unreasonable farming management, resulting in the loss of water, fertilizers and pesticides in soil. At present, hydrogels have been widely reported to promote the formation of soil aggregation. In this paper, amphiphilic calcium alginate (ASA/Ca²⁺) was applied to promote the formation of soil aggregation and enhance pesticide retention. Initially, an ASA was obtained through the one-pot Ugi condensation (a four-component green chemical reaction). Then, ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel is prepared by Ca²⁺ cross-linking. The formation of soil aggregation was determined through the Turbiscan Lab Expert stability analyzer, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). And the effect of soil aggregation on acetamiprid environmental behavior was investigated by adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and leaching. The results shown that the three-dimensional network structure of ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel can promote the formation of soil aggregation. Aggregate durability index (ADI) was 0.55 in the presence of ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel, indicating that amphiphilic hydrogel can enhance the stability of soil aggregation. The adsorbing capacity of acetamiprid was 1.58 times higher than pure soil, and the release of acetamiprid only about 20% in the presence of ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel. These results would be helpful for the formation of soil aggregation and pesticides adsorption on soil aggregation. Thus, ASA/Ca²⁺ hydrogel is likely to improve soil quality, simultaneously it can minimize the mobility of pesticides in the agricultural system.     

Utilization of solidified phosphogypsum as Portland cement retarder

The utilization of the phosphogypsum (PG) as cement retarder is both an economical and an ecological approach to treat this solid waste. Cement using raw PG as retarder has two problems pressing for solution,namely, delaying the setting time and difficulty being fed into the cement mill. The soluble phosphates in PG behave as super-retarder and bring about retarding in the setting process of cement made with PG. Two types of solidified phosphogypsum (SPG) were prepared to solve those two problems. The strength and the water stability of the SPG were good enough to ensure that they may be conveyed easily and fed into the cement mill stably. The cements with SPG had a similar setting time and strength as cement made with natural gypsum (NG). The microstructure of two kinds of SPG were observed with SEM. During factory application of SPG, good techniques and economic benefits were obtained.