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141.
Luo Y Zhang X Liu X Ficklin D Zhang M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):1171-1181
The hydrology, sediment, and pesticide transport components of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) were evaluated on the northern San Joaquin Valley watershed of California. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients for monthly stream flow and sediment load ranged from 0.49 to 0.99 over the watershed during the study period of 1992-2005. The calibrated SWAT model was applied to simulate fate and transport processes of two organophosphate pesticides of diazinon and chlorpyrifos at watershed scale. The model generated satisfactory predictions of dissolved pesticide loads relative to the monitoring data. The model also showed great success in capturing spatial patterns of dissolved diazinon and chlorpyrifos loads according to the soil properties and landscape morphology over the large agricultural watershed. This study indicated that curve number was the major factor influencing the hydrology while pesticide fate and transport were mainly affected by surface runoff and pesticide application and in the study area. 相似文献
142.
While phenomenological investigations of ecosystem patterns often fail to reveal underlying dynamic mechanisms, we highlight
a universal principle for pattern formation in ecosystems. We consider ecosystems to be typical complex adaptive systems that
seek an optimal process to obtain maximized flux under given constraints. An analysis of the optimal process reveals underlying
microscopic dynamic mechanisms that induce complex patterns in ecosystems. We emulate ecosystem patterns using a Self-Organization
Feature Map: an artificial neural network theoretical model by which evolution processes, structural classifications, and
the fractal growth of ecosystem patterns can be simulated. The results help us analyze the formation and dynamics of ecosystem
patterns, with attending implications for the classification, protection, and optimization of ecosystems. 相似文献
143.
Hussani Mubarak Li-Yuan Chai Nosheen Mirza Zhi-Hui Yang Arshid Pervez Madiha Tariq 《毒物与环境化学》2015,97(10):1296-1318
In view of increasing emissions of antimony (Sb) into the environment due to industrialization and consequent carcinogenicity, it is essential to remove this metal from the ecosystem. Antimony and arsenic (As) are analogs. Although numerous studies examined arsenic removal, few reports are available on Sb removal. In this review, various Sb removal techniques are described to understand how this process occurs and what research gaps are needed to improve efficiency. At present, surface adsorption technique is the most widely used for Sb removal. Biological treatment namely phytoremediation is also a promising method and more investigations are required in this regard. The selection of a suitable technique for a given area depends on the conditions including economic, environmental, and social conditions. 相似文献
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147.
Regional distribution of organochlorinated pesticides in pine needles and its indication for socioeconomic development 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The regional distribution of 10 potentially harmful organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) was investigated in pine needles from 18 sites in six Chinese regions. The OCPs concentrations in six regions were as follows: sigmaHCH (sigmaHCH=alpha-+beta-+gamma-+delta-HCH), 4.7-51.5 ng/g; sigmaDDT (p,p'-DDT+p,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDD), 0.9-30.9 ng/g; hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 1.1-5.3 ng/g; sigmachlordane (cis-chlordane+trans-chlordane), no detected-4.3 ng/g, on dry weight basis. Samples from southeast Chinese area contained the highest concentrations of sigmaHCH, sigmaDDT and sigmachlordane, while the contamination levels of most OCPs in southwest Chinese area were the lowest. The ratios of alpha/gamma-HCH (ranged from 1.7 to 5) were observed to be noticeable increase from north to south China, and the ratio of 1.7 revealed the presence of the recent use of lindane in north Chinese area. The significant decrease of the sum concentrations of alpha-+gamma-HCH from mid-1980s to the present and the strong correlation between alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-HCH (r=0.87-0.98, n=18, p<0.05) indicated the main usage of the technical HCH in history in China. The p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT ratios of <1 revealed the new input of p,p'-DDT in south, southeast and southwest Chinese areas, which could be partly contributed to the new use of impure dicofol. Economic development will leave its mark in the environment, however, its impact on the input and distribution of OCPs on a regional scale is unknown. We attempted to use the socioeconomic index (gross domestic product (GDP) per capita) to explain the distribution and input of OCPs and found that HCB and sigmaDDT seemed to be linked to the economic development, while no relationship of HCH was observed. DDE% of sigmaDDT also showed a negative correlation with the GDP per capita. 相似文献
148.
Robert D Stedtfeld Sam Baushke Dieter Tourlousse Benli Chai James R Cole Syed A Hashsham 《Water environment research》2007,79(3):260-269
Genetic markers are expected to provide better specificity in epidemiological studies and potentially serve as better indicators of waterborne pathogens. Methods used to assess genetic markers of emerging microbial indicators include pulsed field gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarrays. This paper outlines a high-throughput approach to screen for such genetic markers using a set of theoretical and experimental screening tools. The theoretical screening involves evaluating genes related to the ribosomal RNA and specific functions from emerging indicator groups, followed by experimental validation with appropriate sampling schemes and high-throughput and economical screening methods, such as microarrays, real time PCR, and on-chip PCR. Analysis of a wide range of samples covering temporal variability in location, host, and waterborne disease outbreaks is essential. The proposed approach is expected to shorten the time and cost associated with searching for new genetic markers of emerging indicators by at least 10-fold. 相似文献
149.
湿法回收砷碱渣中锑的工艺研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本研究先以水浸实现砷碱渣中的砷锑分离,再对水浸渣进行盐酸浸出,得到了可作为工业原料氯化锑溶液。研究结果表明,在液固比为6:1,温度40℃,浸出时间40min的条件下,可使水浸过程中锑的浸出率低于3%,砷的浸出率达到99%;盐酸浸出中,控制酸浓度为1:1,液固比10:1,温度60℃,授出时间30min,能使锑的浸出率达到88%以上。经过水浸和盐酸浸出,锑的直接回收率为85.36%。 相似文献
150.
满江红花青素在镉胁迫下的抗氧化作用 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
为了研究镉胁迫诱导满江红体内花青素合成的生理功能,采用镉诱导和体外实验的方法评价了满江红体内花青素的抗氧化作用.测试指标包括还原力、清除超氧阴离子(O-2)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、羟自由基(·OH)的能力.结果表明,花青素的还原力和对氧自由基的清除作用随花青素提取物浓度的增加而增加.因此,镉胁迫下合成的花青素是一种清除活性氧自由基的良好抗氧化剂.镉胁迫对满江红活性氧代谢影响的试验结果表明,在0.5mg·L-1Cd胁迫下,满江红体内O-2和H2O2大量积累,造成活性氧胁迫,说明花青素只能在一定程度上保护满江红免受过氧化伤害.本实验初步证实,花青素含量的增加是满江红抗性机理之一,可缓解镉的毒害. 相似文献