外源稀土对土壤中稀土和重金属可交换态的影响

通过土壤旱作和淹水2种培养方式,研究了不同时期添加外源稀土对黄褐土中稀土和重金属Fe、Mn、Zn可交换态含量的影响.研究结果表明,稀土处理显著提高土壤中可交换态含量,其分配系数也随之增大,但绝大部分仍维持在10%以下.淹水条件下交换态稀土的含量比旱作高,但随培养时间的延长逐渐降低.随稀土处理浓度的升高,交换态稀土组成逐渐向外源稀土成分靠近,并在200mg·kg^-1以上达到相对稳定土壤中交换态Fe、Mn、Zn的含量随稀土处理浓度的升高呈线性升高,其中稀土对Mn的作用最强.     

Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of Microcystis aeruginosa under various environmental conditions

Growth and uptake of exogenous phosphate by Microcystis aeruginosa in batch culture under different temperature, photoperiod, and turbulence were studied by the method of phosphate isotope tracer. Relatively high temperature, long photoperiod and strong turbulence increased the cell density of M. aeruginosa in these batch cultures. The initial rapid uptake of phosphate by M. aeruginosa was independent of the temperature, photoperiod, and turbulence. Similarly, maximum exogenous phosphate uptake was not related to these environmental factors. However, elevated temperature and turbulence shortened the time, required to obtain maximum P accumulation. The growth of M. aeruginosa could alleviate the phosphorous leakage. Total amounts of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa and the phosphorus leakage of M. aeruginosa were significantly influenced by the growth state of M. aeruginosa closely correlated with the environmental factors. The maximum volume of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa was 46% of added exogenous phosphate in water with 16 hours of photoperiod. Thus, total amounts of exogenous phosphate uptake to M. aeruginosa were more strongly affected by the photoperiod length than temperature and turbulence.     

Sediment distribution pattern mapped from the combination of objective analysis and geostatistics in the large shallow Taihu Lake, China

Investigation was made into sediment depth at 723 irregularly scattered measurement points which cover all the regions in Talhu Lake, China. The combination of successive correction scheme and geostatistical method was used to get all the values of recent sediment thickness at the 69 x 69 grids in the whole lake. The results showed that there is the significant difference in sediment depth between the eastern area and the western region, and most of the sediments are located in the western shore-line and northern regimes but just a little in the center and eastem parts. The notable exception is the patch between the center and Xishan Island where the maximum sediment depth is more than 4.0 m. This sediment distribution pattem is more than likely related to the current circulation pattern induced by the prevailing wind-forcing in Taihu Lake. The numerical simulation of hydrodynamics can strong support the conclusion.Sediment effects on water quality was also studied and the results showed that the concentrations of TP, TN and SS in the western part are obviously larger than those in the eastem regime, which suggested that more nutrients can be released from thicker sediment areas.     

基于利益相关群体的碳减排策略与潜力分析——以苏州市为例

本研究基于苏州市低碳试点工作实施方案,识别了苏州市重点减排领域,采用国家温室气体排放清单,估算了苏州"十二五"(2011—2015)期间碳排放量,并利用情景分析法预测了2016—2025年基准情景和综合减排情景碳排放趋势,分析了各重点排放领域减排贡献率。在此基础上,将减排策略按照自愿、监管、自愿与监管相结合的方式分别从不同利益相关群体进行梳理,分析不同群体减排潜力。结果表明:(1) 2015年,苏州市碳排放量约为2.35亿吨,2011—2015年,重点排放领域为工业能源消耗、建筑、交通、电力行业。(2)采用综合减排方案能在2020年左右达到峰值,之后缓慢下降,但交通部门碳排放仍有一定增加。(3)碳减排策略由多个利益相关群体共同作用产生减排贡献。对苏州市低碳试点方案的分析表明,当地政策制定者的减排贡献最高,其后是基础设施建设者和运营者,最后是基础设施使用者。     

黄河流域非点源污染负荷估算与分析

以全国水资源综合规划为契机,对黄河流域非点源污染展开研究.利用3S技术,对黄河流域干、支流2000年河道及土壤等方面的空间、属性数据进行分析,结合试验监测数据,应用二元结构模型估算黄河流域不同非点源污染类型的负荷.计算结果表明:(1)2000年黄河流域总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)的非点源污染负荷已超过点源污染负荷;(2)农田是黄河流域重要的氮、磷非点源污染来源,分别占50%和64%;(3)非点源污染负荷空间分布图显示,传统牧区及黄河源区牲畜养殖造成的非点源污染比较突出;(4)城市和乡村总氮污染占流域非点源负荷的比例相对较低,而其总磷污染则对黄河流域有比较大的影响;(5)由土壤侵蚀引起的氮污染远大于磷污染.     

不同交联剂制备的环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺聚合物的结构及脱色性能

以环氧氯丙烷和二甲胺为原料,加入不同的胺类交联剂(乙二胺、二乙烯三胺和三乙烯四胺)合成出一系列环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺聚合物(EPI-DMA).研究了交联剂及用量对产品特性的影响;利用红外光谱(IR)和电子透射电镜(TEM)等现代分析仪器研究了EPI-DMA的结构及在水中的聚集形态;并通过烧杯实验研究了EPI-DMA对染料模拟废水和实际印染废水的处理效果.结果表明,交联剂的加入使EPI-DMA的粘度和阳离子度发生变化;不同交联剂制备的EPI-DMA的IR谱图相差不大,但在水溶液中的结构形貌不相同;EPI-DMA处理模拟活性艳红废水时以电中和和吸附架桥为作用机理,在处理还原大红废水时以电中和作用为主;在用EPI-DMA处理实际废水时脱色率和COD的去除率分别可达80%和60%.     

生物表面活性剂及其在环境修复中的研究进展

生物表面活性剂是由微生物分泌的天然产物,由于其物理性质和化学结构与许多人工合成的表面活性剂相似,并且对土壤、淡水、海洋等生态系统毒性较低,因而在环境污染治理方面,特别是在重金属和石油等有机溶剂污染的原位和异位生物修复方面具有极大的应用潜力.主要综述了近年国内外生物表面活性剂在廉价制备、作用机理、环境修复中的研究进展.     

炉底渣磨细优化其品质的试验

以浙江长兴电厂所排的炉底渣为例,通过磨细将其加工成相当于国标Ⅱ级粉煤灰的产品。试验结果表明:长兴电厂炉底渣的化学成分以SiO2与Al2O3较高为特征,物相以玻璃体占绝对优势,微量元素和放射性元素含量均在国标规定的安全范围内;磨细炉底渣的45μm筛余量控制在10%左右时其品质为最优;磨细炉底渣的火山灰活性要优于磨细Ⅱ级粉煤灰的。     

用高效优势菌强化升流式厌氧污泥床的废水处理性能

针对酒精废水中难生物降解的有机物,从氧化塘污泥中筛选分离出高适应能力和降解能力的高效优势菌群,将其投加到升流式厌氧污泥床反应器中进行中试。运行结果表明:利用高效优势菌群培养高活性的颗粒污泥,可大大强化UASB反应器的废水处理性能,35d即可完成系统的启动;反应器容积负荷从2.0kg/(m3.d)提高到39.0kg/(m3.d),COD去除率保持在90%左右,最高达到96%。     

聚电解质吸附特性的压电传感监测研究

在石英晶体微天平的电极表面修饰SiO2薄层,实时测定阳离子聚电解质均聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵在SiO2表面的吸附质量和吸附动力学过程,在此基础上,监测阴离子染料活性艳红K-2BP在预吸附聚电解质膜上的吸附过程,并讨论了溶液离子强度、pH值对聚电解质吸附特性的影响.