矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价模型与实例研究

为对湘南某矿区耕地土壤重金属污染情况作出客观实际的评价,将层次分析理论用于环境评价领域,引入重金属毒性响应系数和重金属在粮食中限量值双重准则,以确定重金属元素之间的权重,并结合加权平均法建立综合评价模型.同时,结合GIS对耕地土壤重金属空间分布、重金属富集特征及综合污染情况进行分析.对该矿区4种重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的综合污染评价结果表明,该矿区耕地土壤重金属综合污染情况严重,综合污染指数变化范围为1.25～427,属重度污染.因子分析结果表明,4种重金属的来源具有一定相似性,主要来源于矿区有色金属采选冶炼活动.空间分析表明,4种重金属的含量及综合污染的空间分布特征呈明显富集.该评价模型可用于对矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价的研究,为土壤重金属污染评价提供了新的思路.     

Effect of temperature on anoxic metabolism of nitrites to nitrous oxide by polyphosphate accumulating organisms

Temperature is an important physical factor, which strongly influences biomass and metabolic activity. In this study, the effects of temperature on the anoxic metabolism of nitrite(NO-2) to nitrous oxide(N2O) by polyphosphate accumulating organisms, and the process of the accumulation of N2O(during nitrite reduction), which acts as an electron acceptor, were investigated using 91% ± 4% Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis sludge. The results showed that N2O is accumulated when Accumulibacter first utilize nitrite instead of oxygen as the sole electron acceptor during the denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Properties such as nitrite reduction rate, phosphorus uptake rate, N2O reduction rate, and polyhydroxyalkanoate degradation rate were all influenced by temperature variation(over the range from 10 to 30°C reaching maximum values at 25°C). The reduction rate of N2O by N2O reductase was more sensitive to temperature when N2O was utilized as the sole electron acceptor instead of NO2, and the N2O reduction rates, ranging from 0.48 to 3.53 N2O-N/(hr·g VSS), increased to 1.45 to 8.60 mg N2O-N/(hr·g VSS). The kinetics processes for temperature variation of 10 to 30°C were(θ1 = 1.140–1.216 and θ2= 1.139–1.167). In the range of 10°C to 30°C, almost all of the anoxic stoichiometry was sensitive to temperature changes. In addition, a rise in N2O reduction activity leading to a decrease in N2O accumulation in long term operations at the optimal temperature(27°C calculated by the Arrhenius model).     

Performance and microbial response during the fast reactivation of Anammox system by hydrodynamic stress control

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox） has become a promising method for biological nitrogen removal. However, this biotechnology application is always limited due to the low growth rate and biomass yield of Anammox bacteria. This study investigated the process of fast reactivation of an Anammox consortium idled for 2 years uia hydrodynamic stress control. The results showed that the Anammox system was efficiently and quickly reactivated by shortening of the hydraulic retention time （I-IRT） of the reactor from 12 to 6 hr within 68 days of operation. Moreover, at a 4-hr HRT with an influent total nitrogen loading rate of 1.2 kg N/（m3.day）, the reactor maintained high biological performance with an ammonium removal loading rate of 0.52 kg N/（m3.day） and a nitrite removal rate of 0.59 kg N/（m3.day）. In the reactivated Anammox reaction, the stoichiometric coefficients of NH4-N to NOE-N and NH4-N to NO4-N were 1：1.04± 0.08 and 1：0.31 ± 0.03, respectively. The specific Anammox activity and hydrazine oxidoreductase activity, both of which represent the degree of Anammox bacteria present, increased as the hydrodynamic stress increased and were maximally （125.38 ± 3.01 mg N/（g VSS.day） and 339.42 ± 6.83 μmol/（min.g VSS）, respectively） at 4-hr HRT. Microbial response analysis showed that the dominant microbial community was obviously shifted and the dominance of Anammox bacteria was enhanced durinR the hydrodynamic selection.     

海菜花种子的萌发实验研究

为探讨通过种子繁殖恢复重建洱海湖滨带海菜花群落的可能性,开展了室外模拟与室内实验,研究了冷藏、双氧水浸泡、自然状态等3种前处理及水深、基质、温度、光照周期的交互作用对海菜花种子萌发的影响.结果表明：不同前处理、基质对海菜花种子萌发不产生影响,水深、温度、光照周期均对海菜花种子萌发有显著影响.海菜花种子萌发最适宜温度为30℃,最适宜光照周期为Light/Dark=24 h/0 h,最适宜水深为30 em～90cm.自然条件下,受风浪、水体透明度及物种竞争等因素的影响,不宜通过直接抛洒种子恢复重建海菜花群落.     

蛋白质对PVDF超滤膜污染行为的界面微观作用力解析

采用原子力显微镜,结合自制微颗粒探针,对膜-污染物及污染物-污染物间微观作用力进行了检测分析,考察了不同p H条件下牛血清蛋白(BSA)在不同界面特性PVDF超滤膜上的膜污染行为.结果表明,在膜过滤初期,通量剧烈衰减主要由BSA和膜之间黏附力作用导致,在膜过滤后期,BSA与BSA之间的黏聚作用则是影响后期膜污染行为的主要因素;PA膜-BSA和PP膜-BSA之间的黏附作用力均大于BSA-BSA之间的黏聚作用力,说明在整个膜过滤过程中,BSA与PVDF超滤膜之间的黏附作用对膜污染起主导作用;相同p H条件下,PA膜-BSA之间的微观作用小于PP膜-BSA之间的相互作用力,说明亲水性较强的PA膜具有较强的抗污染性;而PA膜和PP膜过滤后期BSA-BSA之间黏聚力相差不大,也进一步说明膜过滤过程中膜-污染物之间的微观作用力是影响膜污染行为的主要因素.     

炔雌醇和壬基酚在土壤中的吸附-解吸特征

通过吸附动力学研究和批量平衡试验,以炔雌醇(EE2)和壬基酚(NP)为代表,考察内分泌干扰物在3种不同性质的天然土壤中的吸附-解吸特征.结果表明,双室一级动力学模型比单室一级动力学模型更适合描述EE2、NP在土壤中的动态吸附过程.快吸附过程在吸附初期占据主导地位,之后慢吸附室的相对贡献逐渐增大,直至达到吸附平衡.土壤对NP的吸附速率是EE2的2.0～4.7倍.Freundlich模型和DA模型均能较好地拟合EE2与NP的吸附等温线,但DA模型拟合效果更佳.饱和吸附容量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,EE2的饱和吸附容量(0.85～7.67μg·g-1)明显低于NP(10.47～110.15μg·g-1).吸附自由能计算表明,土壤对EE2和NP的吸附以物理作用为主.此外,3种受试土壤对EE2和NP的解吸附均存在滞后现象,需要预防其潜在的环境风险,其中有机质含量最高、比表面积最大的土样滞后性最明显.     

基于PMF模型的县域尺度土壤重金属来源分析及风险评价

为探究小尺度空间区域土壤重金属的污染特征、风险和来源,以广东省揭阳市榕城区为例,运用富集系数、污染负荷指数、生态风险评价模型、健康风险评价模型进行风险评价,结合相关性分析、空间分析和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型进行来源解析.结果表明,土壤中ω（Cr）、ω（Hg）、ω（As）、ω（Pb）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cd）、ω（Cu）和ω（Zn）的均值分别为54.87、0.25、8.35、56.00、15.38、0.35、30.56和124.23 mg ·kg^-1,均超过广东省土壤背景值;Cr、As、Pb和Ni无富集,Zn和Cu轻微富集,Hg和Cd中等富集;污染负荷指数的均值为2.37,总体上属于重度污染水平,8种元素处于不同的污染水平.研究区土壤重金属整体处于重度生态风险,其中Hg和Cd属于强烈生态风险,其他元素属于轻微生态风险.不同元素在3种暴露途径下产生的非致癌风险处于可接受范围;成人和儿童的致癌风险分别为9.81E-05和5.59E-04,Cr和As是致癌风险的主要贡献者,需重点关注.研究区土壤重金属共有4种主要来源：交通来源（37.02%）、成土母质来源（18.53%）、大气沉降来源（26.49%）和工业来源（17.96%）.     

Tour Level Mode Choice Analysis of Madison Area in Wisconsin

Abstract

This study is to investigate what factors and how they affect tours (trip chains) behavior. The key issue is the understanding and definition of tour and tour level mode. Also, these definitions should fit for the data. A semi-home based tour definition is stated, and a competing mode based tour mode is defined. Based on the definition, this study used Madison Area Data from National Household Survey to estimate a MNL structured model. It is found that travel distance could be a positive factor for car mode. Meanwhile, the number of trips is also a positive factor for choosing car.     

1961～2010年华中区域降水变化特征分析

收集1961～2010年华中区域239个气象站点,选择通过均一化检验的233个站点作为研究对象,系统分析了近50a华中区域降水变化特征。结果表明:1961～2010年华中区域年降水量无明显的增减趋势,20世纪60年代降水接近常年,90年代降水偏多,70～80年代、21世纪初降水偏少。降水纬向分布特征比较显著,由南向北逐渐递减,且空间分布不均匀。年降水日数减少趋势显著,减少速率为3.4d/10a。1989年以后区域降水量增加明显,2006年以后降水减少,同时存在2a左右周期振荡;降水日数在1986年以后减少明显。春、秋季降水总体减少,减少速率分别为5.4、12.2mm/10a;夏、冬季降水总体增加,增加速率为15.9、6.3mm/10a。四季降水日数的变化速率分别为-1.4、0.2、-2.1、-0.1d/10a。