指数施肥对杉木苗期基质中微生物功能多样性的影响

为向轻型基质容器苗合理施肥,实现苗木养分精准调控提供理论依据,以杉木优良无性系"洋061"轻型基质容器苗为研究对象,设置7个施氮处理[对照(CK,0 mg/株)、常规集中施肥处理(CF1,40 mg/株)、常规分次施肥处理(CF,240 mg/株)、指数施肥(EF1,40 mg/株;EF2,80 mg/株;EF3,120 mg/株;EF4,160 mg/株)],采用BiologECO生态板法分析不同施肥处理下轻型基质中土壤微生物群落多样性和代谢活性.结果表明:(1)不同施肥处理提高了土壤微生物的代谢活性,其代谢活性大小表现为EF2> EF3> EF1> CF2> EF4> CF1> CK.(2)除Simpson指数外,土壤微生物的功能多样性整体表现为EF2> EF3> EF1> CF2> EF4> CF1和CK,其中仅有EF2处理的丰富度指数显著高于对照处理.(3)在6类碳源中,土壤微生物对胺类碳源利用率最弱,对多聚物类碳源利用率最高.EF2处理对除碳水化合物外的其他碳源的利用率显著高于对照处理.(4)共提取9个主要主成分,累计贡献率92.33%.第一主成分(PC1)的方差贡献率为25.46%,第二主成分方差贡献率为17.24%,PC1贡献较大的碳源主要是多聚物和碳水化合物,PC2贡献较大的碳源主要是碳水化合物和氨基酸类.综上所述,80 mg/株的指数施肥是较适宜的施氮量和施肥方式,能增强微生物对碳源的利用率,提高土壤微生物的多样性和活性.(图4表1参52)     

三氯生暴露加剧高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肠道和肝脏功能损伤

三氯生(triclosan,TCS)在环境中被广泛检出,已成为重要的环境污染物,且TCS暴露能够影响机体的肠道菌群组成和脂类物质代谢过程.为了探讨TCS暴露对高脂饮食(high fat diet,HFD)诱导的肝脏功能损伤的影响及其机制,C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常饮食对照组、TCS组、HFD组和HFD+TCS组;首先对TCS组和HFD+TCS组小鼠进行提前一周TCS(10μg·g-1饲料)暴露,然后再同时进行6周的TCS暴露和HFD喂养.实验结束后,利用细菌特征序列对肠道菌群进行绝对定量分析,利用苏木精-伊红染色、实时荧光定量PCR、酶联免疫吸附测定、蛋白免疫印迹和流式细胞术等试验技术检测小鼠肠道和肝脏等生理变化状况.与对照组相比,TCS暴露和高脂饮食均能明显引起肠道菌群中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门含量降低,同时引起小鼠脾脏中CD8+和CD4+T细胞比例失调,但未导致显著的肠道屏障损伤和脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)异位;高脂饮食能够显著提高小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)和甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)的水平,而单独TCS暴露并没有引起明显的肝脏功能紊乱.与HFD组相比,HFD和TCS协同作用激活了小鼠肝脏中Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)炎症通路,造成小鼠肝脏炎症反应,并显著提高了小鼠ALT和AST水平,加剧了高脂饮食对小鼠肝脏功能的损伤.由此可知,TCS暴露通过引起小鼠肠道菌群紊乱和机体免疫响应,加剧高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肠道损伤和肝脏功能紊乱.     

4种唑类杀菌剂对蛋白核小球藻的急性毒性及其致毒机理

唑类杀菌剂因其广谱性和稳定性会残留在水环境中,从而危害人类及其他生物的健康.目前对唑类杀菌剂的毒性研究大多集中在急性毒性,对其致毒机理知之甚少.本研究将三唑醇、三唑酮、克霉唑和氯咪巴唑4种常见的唑类杀菌剂作为目标污染物,以蛋白核小球藻作为指示生物,研究4种唑类杀菌剂暴露96 h后对蛋白核小球藻生长和生理变化的抑制作用.结果表明,4种目标污染物浓度越高对蛋白核小球藻的生长抑制程度越强,在50％效应下,96 h时毒性大小为:氯咪巴唑>克霉唑>三唑醇>三唑酮.其毒性机制可能与活性氧(ROS)的持续积累有关,随着污染物浓度升高,ROS含量不断增加,其中刺激作用最明显的是克霉唑,ROS的增加促进丙二醛(MDA)的大量产生,从而使绿藻产生氧化损伤,激发了不同水平的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性;同时,它们对叶绿素和蛋白质的合成也存在明显的抑制,破坏了绿藻的光合机制,最终造成藻细胞凋亡.研究结果为评估唑类杀菌剂对水生生物的毒性提供重要的理论支持.     

Fabrication of highly efficient Bi2WO6/CuS composite for visible-light photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants and Cr(VI) from wastewater

• A novel Bi₂WO₆/CuS composite was fabricated by a facile solvothermal method. • This composite efficiently removed organic pollutants and Cr(VI) by photocatalysis. • The DOM could promoted synchronous removal of organic pollutants and Cr(VI). • This composite could be applied at a wide pH range in photocatalytic reactions. • Possible photocatalytic mechanisms of organic pollutants and Cr(VI) were proposed. A visible-light-driven Bi₂WO₆/CuS p-n heterojunction was fabricated using an easy solvothermal method. The Bi₂WO₆/CuS exhibited high photocatalytic activity in a mixed system containing rhodamine B (RhB), tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), and Cr (VI) under natural conditions. Approximately 98.8% of the RhB (10 mg/L), 87.6% of the TCH (10 mg/L) and 95.1% of the Cr(VI) (15 mg/L) were simultaneously removed from a mixed solution within 105 min. The removal efficiencies of TCH and Cr(VI) increased by 12.9% and 20.4%, respectively, in the mixed solution, compared with the single solutions. This is mainly ascribed to the simultaneous consumption electrons and holes, which increases the amount of excited electrons/holes and enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes. Bi₂WO₆/CuS can be applied over a wide pH range (2–6) with strong photocatalytic activity for RhB, TCH and Cr(VI). Coexisiting dissolved organic matter in the solution significantly promoted the removal of TCH (from 74.7% to 87.2%) and Cr(VI) (from 75.7% to 99.9%) because it accelerated the separation of electrons and holes by consuming holes as an electron acceptor. Removal mechanisms of RhB, TCH, and Cr(VI) were proposed, Bi₂WO₆/CuS was formed into a p-n heterojunction to efficiently separate and transfer photoelectrons and holes so as to drive photocatalytic reactions. Specifically, when reducing pollutants (e.g., TCH) and oxidizing pollutants (e.g., Cr(VI)) coexist in wastewater, the p-n heterojunction in Bi₂WO₆/CuS acts as a “bridge” to shorten the electron transport and thus simultaneously increase the removal efficiencies of both types of pollutants.     

The source and transport of bioaerosols in the air: A review

• Emission of microbe from local environments is a main source of bioaerosols. • Regional transport is another important source of the bioaerosols. • There are many factors affecting the diffusion and transport of bioaerosols. • Source identification method uncovers the contribution of sources of bioaerosols. Recent pandemic outbreak of the corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised widespread concerns about the importance of the bioaerosols. They are atmospheric aerosol particles of biological origins, mainly including bacteria, fungi, viruses, pollen, and cell debris. Bioaerosols can exert a substantial impact on ecosystems, climate change, air quality, and public health. Here, we review several relevant topics on bioaerosols, including sampling and detection techniques, characterization, effects on health and air quality, and control methods. However, very few studies have focused on the source apportionment and transport of bioaerosols. The knowledge of the sources and transport pathways of bioaerosols is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the role microorganisms play in the atmosphere and control the spread of epidemic diseases associated with them. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the up to date progress on the source characteristics, source identification, and diffusion and transport process of bioaerosols. We intercompare three types of diffusion and transport models, with a special emphasis on a widely used mathematical model. This review also highlights the main factors affecting the source emission and transport process, such as biogeographic regions, land-use types, and environmental factors. Finally, this review outlines future perspectives on bioaerosols.     

超固结比对黏土热固结特性的影响研究

通过开展固结压缩试验,研究了超固结比(OCR)对海相沉积软黏土热固结特性的影响。试验结果表明:加温可能使软土发生沉降或回弹。在OCR较小的情况下,加温将使软黏土产生沉降;OCR越小,温度效应导致的沉降量越大,降温后回弹较少。在OCR较大的情况下,加温将使软土产生膨胀;降温后膨胀可部分恢复,且OCR越大恢复量越大。在此基础上,根据测试结果拟合了考虑OCR影响的热固结经验关系式。该式可用来预测不同应力状态条件下软土应变随温度变化的关系。     

深厚覆盖层中弱透水层特性对渗流场的影响

中国西部地区的深厚覆盖层坝基中常存在弱透水层,对坝基渗流场有一定影响。基于非饱和土渗流理论,借助有限元软件Seep/w建立数值模型,得出渗流量和出逸坡降,并结合2个实际工程分析弱透水层深度、厚度、连续性对渗流场的影响。结果表明,采用悬挂式防渗墙或无防渗墙时,深度越小的弱透水层控渗效果越佳;深度越大的弱透水层与防渗墙形成的半封闭式联合防渗体系,越能有效控制渗流量和抑制出逸坡降。渗流量和出逸坡降都随着弱透水层厚度的增大而降低;弱透水层厚度及连续性对采用半封闭式防渗墙控渗时的渗流场影响最大,悬挂式防渗墙次之,全封闭式防渗墙最小。渗流量和出逸坡降随上游、底端开口长度的增加而增大;渗流量随下游开口长度的增加而增大,但出逸坡降随下游开口长度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。弱透水层的连续性对渗流场影响较小。采用半封闭式防渗墙时,渗流量和出逸坡降从高到低排序为底端开口、上游开口、下游开口。采用全封闭式防渗墙时,防渗墙承担主要的控渗任务,弱透水层的深度、厚度、连续性对渗流场的影响极小。     

国外大气中消耗臭氧层物质及其替代物的监测概况与启示

大气中消耗臭氧层物质(ODS)及其替代物监测是科学评估履约成效的重要基础。美国等发达国家针对大气中ODS及其替代物开展了长期的网络化监测,中国相关监测起步相对较晚,基础比较薄弱。该文总结了发达国家大气中ODS及其替代物的监测经验,分析了中国的监测现状及存在的问题,提出了中国大气中ODS及其替代物监测的建议:明确监测目标,推进国家大气中ODS及其替代物监测网络建设;加快相关监测设备研发及方法研究进程,形成规范统一的监测技术体系;定期开展监测数据质量评价,加强综合分析利用。通过采取相应措施,逐步形成中国履行保护臭氧层国际环境公约的监测支撑能力。     

城市停车场火灾风险性的评价

城市大型停车场的数量随着经济的发展在迅速增长,这些新建的停车场均向高层和地下空间发展,其投资费用都较大,一旦发生火灾,往往会造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡事故,国内外停车场发生的一系列火灾事故充分证明了这一点.因此,对停车场进行火灾风险评价具有十分重要的意义.分析了停车场火灾的特点,并从停车场的火灾场景、发生轰燃的烟气条件、释放辐射热的大小、对面汽车被引燃的临界条件等几方面对停车场潜在的火灾风险性进行了探讨.以某地下停车场为例,对其火灾风险性进行了具体评价.     

Trace analysis of airborne toluene diisocyanate as a pentafluorobenzyl derivative by gas chromatography with electron capture detection

Trace analysis of airborne toluene diisocyanate (TDI) vapor was accomplished by measuring the derivative using gas chromatography with electron‐capture detector after collecting gas samples with a microimpinger containing 2 ml toluene, 1 μl pentafluorobenzyl alcohol, and 1 μl triethylamine. The sampling efficiency was determined to be 99.4% for short‐term exposure level of TDI and the 2,4‐ and 2,6‐isomers of TDI were well separated. The derivative was identified to be a new compound with a molecular weight of 570 by mass spectrometry in fast atomic bombardment mode and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. This method is convenient and can be applied in the field where airborne TDI is in vapor form.