潜流人工湿地氮循环生态动力学模型研究

人工湿地作为一种新型的处理技术,在水环境保护中具有重要的意义和广阔的应用前景。然而目前人工湿地的设计和运行主要是建立在统计数据和经验公式的基础上,对人工湿地去除污染物的内在机制尚缺乏定量化的认识。通过对潜流人工湿地氮循环生态动力学模型的研究,系统地分析了潜流人工湿地中氮素的去除机制,对将来完善人工湿地处理技术的设计、运行和预测方法具有一定的借鉴意义。     

刚果红的零价铁还原脱色条件及机理研究

零价铁使直接大红4BS还原脱色,其主要机理包括了电化学作用、铁粉的还原作用、铁离子的絮凝吸附作用、铁粉表面的物理吸附等。其中电化学还原与化学还原为主。当铁粉的投加量在2 g/50 ml、pH=3、摇床转速在140 rmp时,5 min内脱色率分别达到了100%、90%和80%以上。结果表明,通过改变染料的pH值、铁粉的投加量和摇床的转速都可以很好地提高脱色效果。     

环境NGO及其制度机理

环境NGO是政府和企业之外参预环境治理的＂第三力量＂,其活动涵盖了环境治理的各个方面。环境NGO的非政府性、非营利性和自发性等特征,使其在环境治理中发挥了不可替代的作用。作为一种具有创新性的制度安排,环境NGO突破了政府主导环境治理的局限,实现了环境治理制度的多样化。其作用机理在于环境利益的诉求主体明确,交易成本较低,治理结构合理等。中国环境NGO制度尚不完善,整体水平较低,亟需加以改进。     

Spatiotemporal distribution and short-term trends of particulate matter concentration over China, 2006–2010

Air quality problems caused by atmospheric particulate have drawn broad public concern in the global scope. In the paper, the spatiotemporal distributions of fine particle (PM2.5) and inhalable particle (PM10) concentrations estimated with the artificial neural network (ANN) over China during 2006 to 2010 have been discussed. Most high PM10 concentration appears in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Hubei, and parts of Inner Mongolia. The distribution of PM2.5 concentration is consistent with China’s three gradient terrains. The seasonal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations both indicate that they are higher in north China in spring and winter, lowest in summer. In autumn, most provinces in south China appear high value. In particular, high PM2.5 concentration appears in the southeast coastal cities while high PM10 concentration prefers the central regions in south China. On this basis, seasonal Mann–Kendall test method is utilized to analyze the short-term trends. The results also show significant changes of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations of China in the past 5 years, and most provinces present the tendency of reduction (3–5 μg/m³ for PM2.5 and 10–20 μg/m³ for PM10 per year) while a fraction of provinces appear the increasing trend of 8–16 μg/m³ (PM2.5) and 16–30 μg/m³ (PM10). Simultaneously, PM2.5 population exposure is discussed with the combination of population density-gridded data. Municipalities get much higher exposure level than other provinces. Shanghai suffers the highest population exposure to PM2.5, followed by Beijing and then Tianjin, Jiangsu province. Most provincial capitals, such as Guangzhou, Nanjing, Chengdu, and Wuhan, face much higher exposure level than other regions of their province. Moreover, the PM2.5 exposure situation is more serious in southeast than northwest regions for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Also, per capita PM2.5 concentration and population-weighted PM2.5 concentration are calculated. The former shows that the high-level regions distribute in Guangdong, Shanghai, and Tianjin, while the latter in Hebei, Chongqing, and Shandong provinces. Further studies may consider optimizing concentration estimation model and use it to discuss the effects of particulate matters on human health.     

聚丙烯酰-6-氨基吡啶的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附

以2，6-二氨基吡啶为原料，合成了功能单体2-丙烯酰-6-氨基吡啶，并将其与乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯共聚合成了聚合物吸附剂聚丙烯酰-6-氨基吡啶。考察了聚合物吸附剂对重金属离子的吸附分离性能。实验结果表明：在混合液中Cu²⁺，Zn²⁺，Cd²⁺，Ni²⁺的初始质量浓度均为10 mg/L、聚合物吸附剂加入量为5 g/L、溶液pH=7、吸附时间为10 min的条件下，聚合物吸附剂对各离子的吸附率均大于90%；采用浓度为0.5 mol/L的HCl溶液对吸附后的聚合物吸附剂进行洗脱，4种重金属离子的洗脱率均可达97%以上；该吸附剂具有很好的稳定性，重复使用11次后其对4种重金属离子的饱和吸附量均未有明显的下降。     

Association between population density and infection rate suggests the importance of social distancing and travel restriction in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Currently, 2019-nCoV has spread to most countries of the world. Understanding the environmental factors that affect the spread of the disease COVID-19...     

Study of the potential of barnyard grass for the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil

In this study, the microwave digestion method was used to determine total cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations, the BCR method was used to determine different states of Cd and Pb, and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used to determine Cd and Pb concentrations in simulated soil and barnyard grass before and after planting barnyard grass to provide a theoretical basis for the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil. The results showed that the bioconcentration factor changes with different Cd concentrations are relatively complex and that the removal rate increases regularly. The 100 mg kg^?1 Cd treatment had the highest removal rate, which reached 36.66%. For Pb, the bioconcentration factor decreased and tended to reach equilibrium as the Pb concentration increased. The highest removal rate was 41.72% and occurred in the 500 mg kg^?1 Pb treatment; however, this removal rate was generally lower than that of Cd. In addition, the reduction state had the highest change rate, followed by the residual, acid soluble and oxidation states. For Pb, the residual state has the highest change rate, followed by the acid soluble state, reduction state and oxidation state. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between the soil Pb and Cd concentrations and the concentrations of Pb and Cd that accumulated in the belowground biomass of the barnyard grass, but no significant correlation was observed between the soil Pb and Cd concentrations and the amounts of Pb and Cd that accumulated in the aboveground biomass of the barnyard grass. The highest transfer factor of Cd was 0.49, which occurred in the 5 mg kg^?1 Cd treatment. The higher transfer factor of Pb was 0.48 in the 100 mg kg^?1 Pb treatment. All of these factors indicate that the belowground biomass of barnyard grass plays a more important role in the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils than the aboveground biomass of barnyard grass. Remediation should occur through phytostabilization. Thus, with its strong adaptability and lush growth, barnyard grass can be applied as a pioneer species for the phytoremediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils.     

基于WASP模型计算尾水回用河道污染负荷

城市景观河道水质恶化,主要是由于河道两岸污染物质排放进入水体,导致水体水质下降。为了计算下游各区段污染物质日负荷排放量,同时甑别重点排污区段,提出采用WASP水质分析模拟软件计算各段氨氮负荷排放量。模拟过程需先定义河道基本参数:河道长宽、水深,入河流量增加量、水体流速、氨氮循环拟合公式中硝化速率、反硝化速率系数等。模拟结果表明,不同氨氮浓度求得的入河负荷值是相对唯一的。1 g/d负荷的增加会导致模拟浓度改变0.01~0.06mg/L。同心河下游生活区(一~三段)的氨氮排放负荷比上游工业区(四~六段)大,生活区氨氮排放负荷达到河道总排放负荷60%~70%。河道氨氮负荷削减模拟的结果表明:上游氨氮污染负荷量越大,下游削减负荷程度越高,从而使得下游氨氮浓度越低。     

基于新环境保护法要求下的化工园区水环境管理政策

从园区的规划布局、监督管理、废水处理及排放标准等方面对化工园区水污染问题的成因进行了系统分析,并结合新修订的《环境保护法》和《水污染防治行动计划》的有关要求,分别从四个方面针对化工园区水污染防治政策提出以下建议：加强管理顶层设计,促进协调监管;严格园区环境准入条件;实行企业废水分质分类管理,加强企业准入标准建设;建立激励机制,推动第三方服务。     

Influence of short-time imidacloprid and acetamiprid application on soil microbial metabolic activity and enzymatic activity

The influence of two neonicotinoids, i.e., imidacloprid (IMI) and acetamiprid (ACE), on soil microbial activities was investigated in a short period of time using a combination of the microcalorimetric approach and enzyme tests. Thermodynamic parameters such as Q _T (J g^?1 soil), ?H _met (kJ mol^?1), J _Q/S (J g^?1 h^?1), k (h^?1), and soil enzymatic activities, dehydrogenase, phosphomonoesterase, arginine deaminase, and urease, were used to evaluate whole metabolic activity changes and acute toxicity following IMI and ACE treatment. Various profiles of thermogenic curves reflect different soil microbial activities. The microbial growth rate constant k, total heat evolution Q _T (expect for IMI), and inhibitory ratio I show linear relationship with the doses of IMI and ACE. Q _T for IMI increases at 0.0–20 μg g^?1 and then decreases at 20–80 μg g^?1, possibly attributing to the presence of tolerant microorganisms. The 50 % inhibitory ratios (IC₅₀) of IMI and ACE are 95.7 and 77.2 μg g^?1, respectively. ACE displays slightly higher toxicity than IMI. Plots of k and Q _T against microbial biomass-C indicate that the k and Q _T are growth yield-dependent. IMI and ACE show 29.6; 40.4 and 23.0; and 23.3, 21.7, and 30.5 % inhibition of dehydrogenase, phosphomonoesterase, and urease activity, respectively. By contrast, the arginine deaminase activity is enhanced by 15.2 and 13.2 % with IMI and ACE, respectively. The parametric indices selected give a quantitative dose-response relationship of both insecticides and indicate that ACE is more toxic than IMI due to their difference in molecular structures.